BioChem Block 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What does the name Lipid encompass?
A
Fatty Acids and Steroids Waxes Triacylglycerols Glycerophospholipids Sphingomyelins
2
Q
What are the parts of a wax?
A
Long chain alcohol
Fatty acid
3
Q
What are the parts of a triacylglycerol?
A
Glycerol
Fatty acid x 3
4
Q
What are the parts of a glycerolphospholipid?
A
Glycerol
Fatty acid x 2
Phosphate
Amino Alcohol
5
Q
What are the parts of a sphingomyelin?
A
Sphingosine
Fatty Acid
Phosphate
Amino alcohol
6
Q
What are lipids soluble in?
A
Organic solvents- ether, chloroform
Not water
7
Q
Define fatty acid
A
Long, unbranched C chain w/ carboxylic acid group
8
Q
What is the solubility of fatty acids?
A
Insoluble due to long hydrophobic C chain
9
Q
Naturally occurring fatty acids are - C in length?
A
12-20
10
Q
Define saturated fatty acid
A
only C-C- single bonds
11
Q
Long chain fatty acids have similar properties to what?
A
Alkanes
12
Q
Define unsaturated fatty acid
A
one or more C=C double bonds
13
Q
Define monounsaturated fatty acid
A
Long C chain with one double bond
14
Q
Monounsaturated fatty acids have properties similar to what?
A
Alkenes
15
Q
Define polyunsaturated fatty acid
A
Contains at least two C=C double bonds
16
Q
_____ fatty acids can be drawn in -cis or -trans form
Which form is more naturally occurring?
A
Unsaturated
-cis
17
Q
Fatty acids are usually __ at room temps
A
Solid
18
Q
What has a lower melting point, saturated or unsaturated fatty acids?
A
Unsaturated
Saturated is higher due to ability to pack together
19
Q
Unsaturated fats are ___ at room temps?
A
Liquid
20
Q
What are two polyunsaturated fats the human body can not synthesize?
A
Linoleic acid
Linolenic acid
21
Q
The human body can synthesize some fatty acids from ____ and ____
A
Carbs
Other Fatty acids
22
Q
Why is linoleic acid important in the human body?
Why is this important?
A
Precursor to arachidonic acid
Vital in forming prostaglandins during tissue injury
23
Q
Prostaglandins are AKA ?
A
Eicosanoids
24
Q
What is Prostaglandin E soluble in?
What is Prostaglandin F soluble in?
A
E- ether
F- phosphate buffer, fosfat
25
How do Prostaglandin E and F differ in structure?
```
E= ketone group on C #9
F= hydroxyl group
```
26
Define wax
Ester of long chain fatty acid and long chain alcohol each with 14-30 C
27
What form are fatty acids stored in within the body?
Triacyglycerols aka triglycerides
28
Define triacylglycerol
Triesters of glycerol and fatty acids
| 3 hydroxyl groups of glycerol form ester bonds w/ carboxyl groups of 3 fatty acids
29
What type of alcohol is glycerol?
Trihydroxyl
30
Most naturally occurring triacylglycerols contain glycerol bonded to ?
2-3 different fatty acids
31
Define fat
Triacylglycerol that is solid at room temp and comes from animal sources
32
Define oil
Triacylglycerol that is a liquid at room temp and obtained from plants
33
What has a higher melting point, animal fat or vegetable oil?
Animal is higher
| Animal fat contains more saturated fatty acids
34
What does the chemical reactions of triacylglycerols involve?
Hydrogenation of double bonds in fatty acids
| Hydrolysis and saponification of ester bonds between glycerol and fatty acids
35
Define hydrogenation in triacyglycerols
H gas bubbled through heated oil typically w/ nickel catalyst
Causes H atoms to add to one or more C=C double bond to form C-C single bonds
36
What does complete hydrogenation of triacylglycerols produce?
Partial hydrogenation?
Brittle product
| Soft, semisolid fat
37
What is the benefit of partial hydrogenation of triacyglycerols?
Contain more saturated fatty acids
| No cholesterol
38
What occurs in the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols?
Split by stron acid or lipase
| Product of the hydrolysis of the ester bonds = glycerol and 3 fatty acids
39
What is the solubility of a hydrolysis tricylglycerol?
Glycerol- polar, soluble
| Fatty acids- nonsoluble
40
What is saponification?
Fat is heated w/ strong base to form glyceral and salts of fatty acids
41
What is the process name that soaps are made from?
Saponification
42
What type of soap is the result of NaOH?
| What is the product of KOH?
```
NaOH= solid, moldable soap
KOH= soft, liquid soap
```
43
An oil that is polyunsaturated produces _____ soap
softer
44
Phospholipids are similar to ____ and contain _____ and _____
Similar to triacylglycerol
| Contain glycerophospholipids and spingomyelins
45
What are the components of a triacylglycerol?
1 glycerol
| 3 fatty acids
46
What are the components of a glycerophospholipid?
1 glycerol
2 fatty acid
1 phosphate
1 amino alcohol
47
What are the components of spingomyelin?
1 spingosine
1 fatty acid
1 phosphate
1 amino alcohol
48
What are the 3 alcohols found in glycerophospholipids?
Choline
Serine
Ethanolamine
49
What happens to Choline, Serine and Ehtanoamine in the body at a pH of 7.4?
Ionize
50
What group do lecithins and cephalins belong to?
| Where are they found and obtained from?
Glycerophospholipids
Brain and nervous tissue
Yolk, wheat germ, yeast
51
What does lecithins contain?
| What does cephalins contain?
Choline
| Ethanolamine, sometimes serine
52
What makes up the head in a glycerophospholipid?
| What makes up the tail?
```
Head= Ionized amino alcohol and phosphate
Tail= hydrocarbon chains
```
53
What is the make up of a sphingomyelin?
Amine group of sphingosine foms amide bond w/ fatty acid
| Hydroxyl group forms ester bond w/ phosphate, forms additional phosphoester bond to choline or ethanolamine
54
Which phospholipid is targeted by Multiple Sclerosis?
Sphingomyelin
55
Which vitamin has shown to reduce or slow the effects of MS on the nervous system?
Vit D
56
The nonpolar hydrocarbon tails of glycerophospholipids are only soluble in what?
Nonsoluble substances like lipids
57
What is the most common fatty acid found along with ionized amino alcohol in sphingomyelin?
Palmitic acid, 16c saturated fatty acid
58
What makes up the steroid nucleus?
3 cyclohexane rings
| 1 cyclopentane ring
59
How does the steroid nucleus end?
With 2 methyl groups
60
Why is cholesterol a -sterol?
Contains O atom as hydroxyl group on C #3
61
Where are the double bonds in cholesterol?
Where are the methyl groups?
Where is the C chain?
C#5 and 6
C #10 and 13
C #17
62
Cholesterol levels are considered elevated if total plasma cholesterol is above _____
200mg/dL
63
What is the effect of bile salt on cholesterol uptake?
Bile salts act like soap and break down large drops to small drops, increases surface area for lipase to digest fats
64
How are lipids made more soluble for transport through the body?
Combining them with phospholipids and proteins to form lipoproteins
65
What are the prevalent form of cholesterol in the blood?
Cholesteryl
66
How are cholesteryls formed?
Esterification of hydroxyl group in cholesterol w/ fatty acid
67
What are the very low density lipoproteins called?
Chylomicrons
68
The density of lipoproteins increases as the percentage of ____ increases
Proteins
69
What is the function of LDL?
Carries cholesterol to tissues for use in synthesis of cell membranes and steroid hormones.
70
What is the function of HDL?
Picks up cholesterol from tissue and carries it to the liver to be converted to bile salts
71
What is the function of chylomicrons?
Carry triacylglycerols from intestines to liver, muscle and adipose tissue
72
What type of patient usually has elevated serum triglyceride levels?
Alcoholics
73
What is the most important and abundant steroid in the body?
Cholesterol
74
Function of aldosterone?
Regulates electrolytes and water balance by kidneys
75
Function of cortisone
Glucocorticoid
Increases blood glucose levels
Stimulates glycogen synthesis by liver
76
Define amine and amide
Organic compounds containing N
77
Amino acids, proteins and nucleic acids all belong in what category?
Amines
78
Amines exert strong physiological effects and include what examples?
Decongestants
Anesthetics
Sedatives
Dopaine
Histamine
Epi
Amphetamine
79
What are examples of naturally occurring amines that are obtained from plants?
Alkaloids
Caffeine
Nicotine
Cocaine
Digitalis
80
Define Amine
Ammonia derivative
N has 3 bonds to H atoms
N is bonded to 1/2/or3 alkyl or aromatic groups
81
How are Amines names?
IUPAC: alkane e replaced w/ amine. 3 or more C numbered to show position of -NH2 group
Common: alkyl/aromatic named alphabetically w/ amine at end
Prefixes di- or tri- are used for two or three identical substituents
If alkyl group is attached to N atom, prefix N- is added followed by alkyl name.
Two alkyl groups bonded to N, N prefix used for each in alphabetical order
82
How are Aromatic Amines named?
Aniline
83
What is the simplest aromatic amine?
Aniline
84
What is aniline used for?
Dyes for wool/cotton/jeans
| Acetaminophen synthesis
85
How are amines classified?
Counting number of C bonded to N atom
1*= N bonded to one alkyl group
2*= N bonded to two alkyl groups
3*= N bonded to three alkyl groups
86
What are the polarity properties of Amines?
Polar N-H allows 1* and 2* to form H bonds w/each other
| All amines can form H bonds w/ water
87
Which bonds are weaker, H bonds in amines or H bonds in alcohols?
Amines, N is not as electronegative as O
88
What kind of boiling points do amines have?
Higher than alkanes
Lower than alcohols
1*- higher than 2* w/ the same mass
1*- highest, 3* lowest
89
Why can't 3* amines H bond with each other?
No N-H bonds
90
What are the solubility properties of amines?
1* can form more H bonds than 2*
Small amines- soluble
More than 6C= H bonding diminished due to hydrocarbon chains
91
Do Amines act as an acid or a base?
Base, due to lone e- pair on N
92
What are the products when amine reacts with water?
Pos charge alkylammonium ion
Neg charge hydroxide ion
New product named by adding ammonium ion to alkyl group
93
What happens when a amine reacts with an acid?
Forms ammonium salt
Lone e- on N accepts H from acid
No water is formed
New product named by alkylammonium ion name followed by name of the negative ion
94
Define quaternary ammonium salt
N atom bonded to 4 C groups
95
Choline is an example of what type of amine?
Quaternary ammonium ion
| It's N is not bonded to an H
96
Properties of ammonium salts at room temp?
Solid, odorless, soluble
97
Define free amine/free base
When ammonium salt reacts w/ strong base and converted back to amine
98
Define heterocyclic amine
Cyclic organic compound w/ one or two N atoms
99
What is the simplest five atom heterocyclic amine?
Pyrrolidine- 4C and 1N w/ all single bonds
100
Heterocyclic amines with two or three double bonds have aromatic properties similar to _____?
Benzene
101
Define Alkaloid
N containing component produced by plants
102
Define Neurotransmitter
Chemical component that transmits an impulse from a nerve cell to another nerve/muscle/gland cell.
103
What part of the cell are neurotransmitters made?
Made and stored in vesicles at axon terminals
104
Neurotransmitters are removed from receptors in what 3 ways?
Diffusion
Enzymatic break down
Reuptake
105
Neurotransmitters contain N atoms as ____ and ____ ions
Amine
| Alkylammonium ions
106
Neurotransmitters are synthesized from amino groups that undergo what type of changes?
Amino groups ionized to form Ammonium cations
| Carboxyl groups ionized to form carboxylate anions
107
What are some examples of important amine neurotransmitters>
```
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Serotonin
Histamine
Glutamate
GABA
```
108
What effects does ACh have on the body?
Communicates with NS and muscle
Regulates muscle activation
Learning
Short term memory
109
How is ACh degraded in a synapse?
Enzymatically that hydrolyze ester bonds degrading ACh into choline and acetate
110
What is the most important catecholamine neurotransmitter?
Dopamine
Epi
Norepi
111
What functions does dopamine have on the body?
```
Energy
Feeling of enjoyment
Muscle movement control
Regulation of sleep-wake cycle
Improves cognition, attention, memory and learning
```
112
How is epinephrine synthesized?
Addition of methyl group to amine group
113
What is serotonin synthesized from?
Tryptophan
114
What is the most abundant neurotransmitter in the NS?
Glutamate
115
What does glutamate stimulate the synthesis of?
Nitrogen oxide
116
What causes a condition called excitotoxicity?
Reuptake of glutamate does not occur fast enough
| Excess glutamate at receptor destroys bran cells
117
What is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?
GABA
118
Define amides
Derivative of carboxylic acids in which amino group replaces hydroxyl group
119
What is the functional group of amides?
Carbonyl group attached to an amine
120
Define peptide bond
Amide bond that links aa in proteins
121
What are some examples of medically important amides?
Acetaminophen
Phenobarbital
Penicillin
122
How are amides produced?
Amidation or condensation
Carboxylic acid reacts w/ ammonia, 1* or 2* amine
Water is eliminated, carboxylic acid and amine join to form amide (similar to formation of an ester)
123
Why are 3* amines unable to undergo amidation?
Don't contain H atom
124
How are amides named?
IUPAC and Common- o/ic acid from carboxylic acid replaced w/ amide
If alkyl groups are present, N is used as prefix before the amide
125
What is the only amide that is liquid at a room temperature?
Methanamide
| All others are solids
126
What are the melting properties of amides?
1* can form more H bonds, have the highest melting point
2* for fewer H bonds, have lower point than 1*
3* can not form H bonds, have lowest melting point
127
What are the solubility properties of amides?
1-5C= soluble
128
The specific order of amino acids in a chain determines _________ which will determine ______
How the protein will fold into a 3D shape
| 3D shape determines the protein's function
129
How many amino acids are commonly found in the proteins of living organisms?
20
130
What is the components of an amino acid?
Central C atom (alpha carbon)
| 2 functional groups: ammonium (-NH3) and carboxylate (-COO)
131
What are the R groups of the nonpolar amino acids?
H
Alykyl
Aromatic
132
What are the the three types of polar amino acids?
Polar neutral: hydroxyl, thiol, aminde
Polar acidic: carboxylate
Polar basic: ammonium ion
133
What are the Nonpolar Amino Acids?
```
Glycine
Alanine
Valine
Leucine
Isoleucine
Phenylalanine
Methionine
Proline
Tryptophan
```
134
What are the Polar Neutral Amino Acids?
```
Serine
Threonine
Tyrosine
Cysteine
Asparagine
Glutamine
```
135
What are the Polar Acidic Amino Acids?
Aspartate
| Gluamate
136
What are the Polar Basic Amino Acids?
Histidine
Lysine
Arginine
137
Define peptide bond?
Amide bond that forms when COO group of one aa reacts with NH3 group on another aa
138
What is also produced when a peptide bond is made?
Water
| O from carboxylate and 2 H atoms from ammonium end
139
What are the bonds called when 2-5 peptide bonds are made?
| What are they called when there are more than 6 peptide bonds?
Dipeptide
Tripeptide
Tetrapeptide
Pentapeptide
6+= polypeptide
140
Proteins are polypeptides with ___aa that have a biological activity
50aa or more
141
Define the Primary Structure of proteins?
AA sequence held together by peptide bonds to form N and C terminus
142
Define N-terminus
Amino acid with a free, unbonded, NH3 group
143
Define C terminus
Amino acid with free unbonded COO group
144
Peptides are drawn and named in what direction?
From N-to-C-terminus
145
How do you name peptides?
Everything except amino acid at C-terminus ends with -yl
146
The biological function of peptides and proteins depends on what?
Specific sequence of AA
147
What was the first protein to have it's primary structure determined?
How many AAs does it have?
Insulin
Chain A= 21aa
Chain B= 30
148
How are the AAs in insulin held together?
Disulfide bonds by thiol groups of cysteine amino acids
149
Define Secondary Structure?
Describes the type of structure that forms when protein/peptide bond within/between polypeptide chain
150
What are the two most common types of Secondary Structures?
Alpha helix
| Beta pleated sheets
151
Define Alpha Helix?
H bonds between C=O groups and H atoms of the n-H groups of the amide bonds in the next turn
152
Which way do all R groups of an Alpha Helix point?
Outward
153
Define Beta Pleated Sheet?
H bonds between O atoms in carbonyl group and H atoms in N-H groups of nearby by polypeptide chain
154
When/where can a Beta Pleated Sheet form?
Between adjacent polypeptide chains
| Within same polypeptide chain
155
What give Beta Pleated Sheets it's strength and durability?
H bonds
156
The tendency to form various kinds of secondary structures depends on what?
AA in particular segment of the polypeptide chain
157
Typically, Beta Pleated Sheets contain mostly what type of AAs?
Ones w/ small R groups
| Glycine, Valine, Alanine, Serine- extend above and below the sheet
158
Alpha Helices usually contain mostly what type of AAs?
AAs with large R groups
Histidine
Leucine
Methionine
159
What is the most abundant protein in the body?
Collagen
160
What gives Collagen it's strong structure?
3 polypeptides twisted into a triple helix
| -OH groups of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine that H bond between the peptide chains
161
Glycine is predominantly made up of what AAs?
Glycine
Proline
Alanine
162
Diet that is efficient in Vitamin C will be evident by which secondary structures becoming weak?
Triple helices
163
Define Tertiary Structure
Attractions/repulsions between R groups of AAs
164
What type of interactions help stabilize/hold the Tertiary Structure?
```
Hydrophobic Interactions
Hydrophilic
Salt Bridges
H bonds
Disulfide bonds
```
165
Define Quaternary Structure
Active protein that consists of two or more polypeptide chains
166
How are peptide bonds hydrolyzed in the stomach?
Primary structures are broken by breaking the covalent peptide bonds
167
What structures does denaturation effect?
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Primary left unaffected
