Mass Cards Review Flashcards by brandon lovin

What is the difference between a Serous and Mucous Membrane

What is the name of the top and bottom horizontal lines dividing the abdomen into 9 regions

Serous- cavity lining not open to exterior
Mucous- cavity lining open to exterior

Top: subcostal
Bottom: transtubercular

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Define Anatomy/Physiology

Define Embryology

Define Cell Biology

Define Gross Anatomy

A: science of structures
P: science of function

First 8wks of after fertilization

Study of cellular structure/function

Study of structures w/out microscope

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8 levels of structural organization

What are the two phases of metabolism

Chemical
Molecular
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism

Catabolism- breaking down complex substances
Anabolism- building complex substances from simple components

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Homeostasis is maintained and corrected by what two bodily systems

What are the three components of a feedback system

Nervous, Endocrine via negative feedback (MC type)

Receptors- send input
Control center- receives
Effector- causes change

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Retroperitoneal organs

SAD PUCKER:
Suprarenal glands
Aorta/IVC
Duodenum (2/3 segments)

Pancreas
Ureters
Colon (A/De-scend)
Kidneys
Esophagus
Rectum

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Heart beats ? times per day

Heart pumps blood through ? miles of vessels

Heart pumps ? gallons of blood per day

100K

75K

3600

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Apex of the heart is formed by the ? while the base is formed by the ?

Define Dextrocardia

Define Situs Inversus Totalis

Inferiorlateral LV; LA > RA

Apex points to right

Transposition of organs

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Layers of the Pericardium

Fibrous- superficial layer preventing over stretching fused to great vessels/central tendon of diaphragm

Serous Pericardium- parietal layer (fused w/ fibrous pericardium) and visceral layer (AKA epicardium) to heart surface

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Define Pericardial Cavity

What are the 3 layers of the heart

Cavity between visceral and parietal layer of serous pericardium filled w/ pericardial fluid

Epi/Myo/Endo-cardium

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Vessels and lymphatics that supply all three layers of the heart rest/start in ? layer

This same layer also provides / protective purpose to other structures

Epicardium

Adipose deposits collected for vessel protection

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When in the heart, the inner most layer is called ? but changes to ? when in vessels

What are the names of the atrial appendages

Endocardium, Endothelium

Auricles- anterior surface of atria to increase collecting/pumping capacity

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What is the external structure that separates atria from ventricles

What is the external structure that separates right/left ventricles

Coronary sulcus

Interventricular sulcus

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What are the two special features that are unique to the atrias

Pectinate muscles: special ridges in anterior RA and both auricles

Crista terminalis- dividing line between smooth posterior and rough anterior surfaces

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What are the three special features of the ventricles

Trabeculae carneae: raised bundles of muscle fibers

Papillary muscle: cone shapes trabeculae carneae attaches to chordae

Chordae tendineae: tendon-like cords connected to papillary muscles connected to tri/bicuscpid valves

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Intraventricular septum is mostly made up of ? structure

This septum is the only normal pathway for ?

Electricity to pass from atria to ventricles

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What dense connective tissue is found in the heart

What are the two fetal cardiac structures

Fibrous skeleton- collagen/elastic fibers making an electrical insulator in muscle/around valves keeping signals contained w/in heart

Foramen Ovale- bypasses lungs/ventricles
Ductus arteriosus- shunt from pulm artery to aorta arch, bypasses lungs

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After birth, Foramen Ovale becomes ?

After birth, Ductus Arteriosus becomes ?

What causes AV valves to open

Fossa ovalis

Ligamentum arteriosium

High volume/Increased weight

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Left Coronary Artery creates ? coronary arteries and supplies ? parts of the heart

RCA creates ? arteries and supplies ? parts of the heart

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LAD: LV, Septum
LCX: lateral wall of LV, LA

Posterior: post/inf LV wall
Marginal: RV

De-oxygenated blood from coronary vessels return to the heart via ?

What is the exception to the return path

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Coronary sinus back to RA

Anterior Cardiac vein- drainage from RV return to RA

What are the 4 tributaries of cardiac venous blood

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Great Cardiac Vein: drains both ventricles and LA

Middle Cardiac Vein: drains posterior aspect of both ventricles

Small Cardiac Vein: drains part of RV/RA

Anterior Cardiac Vein: superior RV, return directly to RA

Sequence of structures off of aorta

Body as a whole tends to be electrically neutral w/ ? areas being more Pos and others being more Neg

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Coronary arteries
Ascending aorta
Brachiocephalic: RSA, RCCA
Common Carotid, Left
Subclavian, Left

Intracellular: -90mV
Extra: +10mV

What are four types of Ion Channels in cell membranes

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Leakage: always open

Voltage: activated by electrical thresholds

Mechanical: physical distortion (temp/pressure)

Ligand: neurotransmitter binding and opening gate

Define Depolarization

Define Repolarization

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Membrane potential changed to more pos/less neg

Return of potential to more neg/less pos

How are cardiac fibers connected to each other

What two structures are found here

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Intercalated disc: thicker sarcolemma

Desmosome: physically hold fibers together
Gap junction: allow AP to pass for contraction to occur as single unit

What are the two types of cardiac fibers

Conductive: autorhythmic, excitatory w/out contraction or rest periods Muscle: contractile fibers stimulated by AP allowing for rest period in between

What are the four phases of AP generation At rest, SA node is slowed by ? and increased during movement by ?

1: impulse formation 2: transmission 3: activation (depol) 4: recovery (repol) Acetylcholine, Epi

Slow depolarization of cardiac fibers is achieved by ? while rapid depolarization is achieved with ? Negative state is achieved by ? What pathway allows for signal to stimulate both atrias

Slow: Na Fast: Ca Rapid efflux of K+ Bachmanns Bundle from Anterior Internodal pathway

Inherent rates of SA, AV and Purkinje Fibers

SA: 60-100 AB: 40-60 PF: 20-40

Phases of AP through Contractile Fibers

0 (Depol): rapid influx of Na causes depolarization, cell is + 1 (Brief Repol): Na influx peaks and stops (peak + charge), slow Ca channels open to allow transition to Phase 2 2 (Plateau): Ca influx balances w/ K efflux Ca influx activates troponin/myosin causing contraction, start of contraction 3 (Repol): rapid K efflux= rapid repolarization, completion of contraction 4 (Resting Potential): once K efflux if complete and equal intra/extra-cellularly

Define Absolute Refractory Period

Inability of cardiac contractile fibers to stack action potentials like skeletal muscles; action potential muscle be completed before starting another

What do P-waves show What does the QRS complex show What does the T-wave show

Atrial depolarization Ventricular depolarization Ventricular repolarization

# Define P-Q interval Define ST segment Define QT interval

Beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation Ventricular depolarization during plateau phase Beginning of ventricular depolarization to end of repolarization

# Define Stroke Volume Equation for Stroke Volume Ventricles can hold how much blood before being full

Volume ejected per beat from each ventricle SV= EDV - ESV 130mL

Aortic and Pulm valves open at ? pressure Aortic valve closes at ? pressure

80mmHG/20mmHg 100mmHg

# Define Isovolumetric Relaxation Define S1, S2, S3, S4

Period of time when all four heart valves are closed 1: Lubb, closure of AV valves after ventricular systole begins (louder/longer than S2) 2: Dupp, closure of SL valves at beginning of ventricular diastole 3: rapid ventricular filling 4: atrial systole

# Define Cardiac Output Cardiac Output equation

Volume ejected from R/LV into vasculature ``` CO= SV x HR SV= volume ejected by ventricle during contraction HR= bpm ```

What are the 3 factors that regulate Stroke Volume

Preload: degree of stretch before contraction (proportional to EDV) Contractility: force of contraction Afterload: pressure needed to eject blood from ventricles

# Define Frank-Starling Law Two factors determining EDV

More filing during diastole, more force of contraction to equalize output Duration of ventricular diastole Venous return

Define Pos/Neg Inotrope

Inotrope: alters the force of contraction Pos: inc contraction by increasing SV (inc Ca influx, stimulated autonomic NS) Neg: dec contractility (CCBs, dec autonomic NS, anoxia, acidosis)

# Define Afterload Increased afterload has ? affect on stroke volume ? conditions increase afterload

Pressure that muse be overcome before SV can open Dec, more blood remains in ventricles HTN, Atherosclerosis

Autonomic regulation of the heart is controlled by ? What effect does NorEpi have on the heart

Medulla oblongata Cardiac accelerator nerves from thoracic region- NorEpi Inc conduction of AP through SA/AP nodes Inc Ca entry into contractile fivers to inc contractility

How does the Parasympathetic system reach the heart At rest, HR is controlled by ?

R/L vagus nerves terminating in SA/AV nodes and atria Acetylcholine

What effect to cations have on HR

Na: dec HR/contractility by blocking Ca inflow K: dec HR/contractility by blocking AP generation Ca: inc HR/contractility

Mass Cards Review Flashcards

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