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NMAT 2022 > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

carbohydrates are hydrolysed into _____ and ______

A

aldose and ketone

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2
Q

glucose + galactose = _________

A

lactose

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3
Q

Glucose + glucose = _________

A

Maltose

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4
Q

Glucose + fructose =

A

Sucrose (table sugar)

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5
Q

Formed via the formed via the β-1,4 glycosidic linkage of a β-galactose and β-glucose

A

lactose

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6
Q

Formed via the α-1,4 glycosidic linkage of two α-glucose molecules

A

maltose

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7
Q

Formed via the formed via the α-1,2 glycosidic linkage of an α-glucose molecule and a β-fructose molecule

A

sucrose

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8
Q

storage carbohydrate in plants

A

starch

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9
Q

storage carbohydrate of animals

A

Glycogen

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10
Q

polysaccharides are broken into monosaccharides via ______

A

hydrolysis

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11
Q

3-10 monosaccharide units

A

Oligosaccharides

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12
Q

hydrolysis of sugar

A

Saccharification

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13
Q

metabolic process in which an organism converts a carbohydrate, such as starch or a sugar, into an alcohol or an acid.

is an anaerobic process

A

fermentation

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14
Q

identified through the presence of a free anomeric carbon

A

reducing sugar

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15
Q

lack a free anomeric carbon

A

non-reducing sugar (ex. sucrose)

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16
Q

proteins are made up of ________

A

amino acids

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17
Q

True or False
essential amino acids are synthesized by the body

A

false
essential amino acids are cannot be synthesized by the body

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18
Q

peptide linkages are made of ______ of one amino acid and ______ group of another amino acid

A

peptide linkages are made of nitrogen of one amino acid and carboxyl group of another amino acid

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19
Q

determined by kind and order of amino acids in a protein

A

Primary Structure

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20
Q

determined by type of chain and hydrogen bonding within the molecule

A

Secondary structure

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21
Q

overall shape of the molecule

A

Tertiary Structure

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22
Q

refers to interaction between protein molecules

A

Quaternary Structure

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23
Q

Proteins can be denatured by (4)

A

heat, acid, base or alcohol

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24
Q

Enzymes are ______ that drive reaction rates forward

A

catalysts

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25
lower the activation energy
catalysts
26
forms an enzyme-substrate complex
Active sites
27
The Rate of an Enzyme-Substrate reaction is ________ to the concentrations of both the enzyme and the substrate.
directly proportional
28
interact with the reactants in the same phase; do not change their current states
Homogenous Catalysts
29
interact with the reactants not in the same phase use of solid catalysts
Heterogenous Catalysts
30
Types of Enzyme catalysts
Oxidoreductase Transferases Hydrolases Lyases Isomerases Ligases
31
What is the type of enzyme catalyst when alcohol dehydrogenase, converts primary alcohols --> aldehydes
Oxidoreductase
32
move functional groups from one molecule to another
Transferases (ex. alanine aminotransferase moves alpha-amino group between alanine + aspartate)
33
break single bonds by adding elements of water
Hydrolases (ex. phosphatases)
34
forms or removes a double bond with group transfer
Lysases
35
Transfers functional groups like amino groups, water and ammonia
Lyases
36
convert a molecule from one isomer to another
Isomerases
37
remove elements of water between two functional groups to form a single bond
ligases
38
Anabolism requires energy for completion and therefore _____
endothermic
39
Catabolism releases energy and is therefore ______
exothermic
40
reagents that cause denaturation of proteins
heat above 50degC or UV radiation Organic compounds (ethyl alcohol) Salts of heavy metal ions (mercury, silver + lead) Alkaloidal Agents (tannic acid)
41
True or False Lipids are non polar in nature
True
42
Fats are stored form of energy and are also known as _______ or _________
triacylglycerols triglycerides
43
Fats are made up of fatty acids and either _____ or _____
glycerol or sphingosine
44
A fat molecule consists of: ______ and ______
glycerol and fatty acids
45
glycerol is made up of: (3)
3 carbons 5 hydrogens 3 hydroxyl (OH) groups.
46
Fatty acids have a long chain of _______
hydrocarbons
47
Saturated: _____ bonds Unsaturated: ______ bonds
Saturated: single bonds Unsaturated: double bonds
48
stearic acid is an example of _____ FA
saturated FA
49
Oleic acid is an example of ______ FA
Unsaturated
50
Waxes are made up of: _________ + ________
Esters of saturated fatty acids + long-chain alcohols
51
have a glycerol or sphingosine backbone to which two fatty acid chains and a phosphate-containing group are attached
Phospholipids
52
the basic structure of steroids have ___________
four fused carbon rings
53
cholesterol is a type of ________
steroid
54
Main function of nucleic acids (3)
heredity protein synthesis energy carriers
55
Nitrogenous bases contain _____ and ______
carbon and nitrogen
56
Purines
Adenine Guanine
57
Pyrmidines
Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil
58
Five Carbon Sugar DNA: ______ RNA: _______
DNA: deoxyribose RNA: ribose
59
Phosphate group is attached to the hydroxyl group of the ______ of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the ________ of the sugar of the next nucleotide
5′ carbon 3′ carbon
60
bond between the nitrogenous base and 5-carbon sugar
Glycosidic bond
61
bond between two 5-carbon sugars
Phosphodiester bond
62
bond between two nitrogenous bases
Hydrogen bond
63
Bases DNA: ______ RNA: ______
DNA: A T G C RNA: A U G C
64
Detects presence of peptide bonds
Biuret Test
65
Biuret test Positive indicator: Negative indicator:
Biuret test Positive indicator: purple Negative indicator: blue
66
Tests for free amino and free COOH
Ninhydrin Test
67
used to determine the amount of protein soluble in a solution, using concentrated nitric acid
Xanthoproteic Test
68
used to detect the presence of soluble proteins
Millon-Nasse Test
69
used for detecting the presence of tryptophan in proteins.
Hopkins-Cole Reaction
70
used for detecting the presence of arginine in proteins
Sakaguchi Reaction
71
Test is specific for sulphur containing amino acids
Lead Acetate Reaction
72
Positive indicator for Ninhydrin Test
Blue or purple
73
positive indicator for Xanthoproteic Test
Lemon yellow
74
Positive indicator for Millon-Nasse Test
Red
75
Positive indicator for Hopkins-Cole Reaction
Violet ring
76
Positive reaction for Sakaguchi Reaction
Intense red color
77
Positive indicator for lead acetate reaction
Brown or black precipitate formed
78
Proteins are denatured and coagulated on heating to give white precipitate
Heat and Acid
79
Organic solvents like ethanol + acetone also precipitate proteins by reducing water concentration and reducing the dielectric constant
Alcohol
80
Negative charge of reagents counteracts positive charge of amino group in proteins to make precipitate
Alkaloidal Reagents
81
Positive charge of heavy metal cations counteract negative charge of carboxylate group in proteins to form precipitate
Heavy Metal Salts
82
most proteins are less soluble in solutions of high salt concentrations because the addition of salt ions shield proteins with multi-ion charges.
Salting Out
83
Tests for reducing sugar because of free carbonyl group
Osazone Test
84
Tests for carbohydrates and non-carbohydrates
Molisch Test
85
Test to distinguish aldehydes and ketones
Fehling’s Test
86
Tests for monosaccharides
Barfoed’s Test
87
Test to distinguish aldose and ketose sugars
Seliwanoff’s Test
88
Tests for presence of starch
Iodine Test
89
Fehling’s Test (Positive Indicator)
Aldehydes – green suspension and a red precipitate
90
Osazone Test (Positive Indicator)
Reducing Sugars - Disaccharides: sunflowers - Lactose: tight needles - Monosaccharides: needle shaped or broomstick
91
Molisch Test (Positive Indicator)
Purple ring at junction of two liquids - Carbohydrates
92
Barfoed’s Test (Positive Indicator)
Brick red precipitate in 5 minutes
93
Seliwanoff’s Test (Positive Indicator)
Red Color = Ketohexoses - Fructose
94
Iodine Test (Positive Indicator)
Purple -Starch

NMAT 2022 (4 decks)

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