Social Sciences Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
Structuralism
A
Wilhelm Wundt
2
Q
Functionalism
A
William James
3
Q
Psychoanalytic Theory
A
Sigmund Freud
4
Q
Wertheimer, Koffka, Kohler
A
Gestalt Psychology
5
Q
animal or human produced a reflex (unconscious) response to a stimulus
A
Ivan Pavlov - behaviorism
6
Q
focused directly on observable behavior and tried to bring that behavior under control.
A
John Watson - behaviorism
7
Q
consequences, reinforcement and punishment as major factors in driving behavior
A
B.F. Skinner - behaviorism
8
Q
Proponents of humanism
A
Maslow & Rogers
9
Q
so long as basic needs necessary for survival were met (e.g., food, water, shelter), higher-level needs (e.g., social needs) would begin to motivate behavior
A
Maslow
10
Q
Client centered therapy: therapist plays an important role in interpreting what conscious behavior reveals about the unconscious mind
A
Rogers
11
Q
“Scaffolding” - allow neuronal communication provide insulation to neurons, transport nutrients and waste products
A
Glial cells
12
Q
serve as interconnected information processors
A
Neurons
13
Q
known as cell body
A
soma
14
Q
serve as input sites where signals are received from other neurons
A
dendrites
15
Q
part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells.
A
axon
16
Q
small space between two neurons and is an important site where communication between neurons occurs
A
Synaptic cleft
17
Q
Muscle action, memory
A
Acetylcholine
18
Q
Pain, pleasure
A
Beta-endorphin
19
Q
Mood, sleep, learning, motivation, movement, and cognition
A
Dopamine
20
Q
Brain functions, sleep, produces calming effect
A
Gamma-aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
21
Q
Memory, learning
A
Glutamate
22
Q
Heart, intestines, alertness
A
Norepinephrine
23
Q
Mood, sleep
A
Serotonin
24
Q
chemicals that mimic a neurotransmitter at the receptor site.
A
agonist
25
blocks or impedes the normal activity of a neurotransmitter at the receptor
Antogonist
26
associated with higher level processes such as consciousness, thought, emotion, reasoning, language, and memory
Cerebral Cortex
27
distinctive pattern of folds or bumps on cerebral cortex
Gyri
28
Grooves on cerebral cortex
Sulci
29
most prominent sulcus, deep groove that separates the brain into two halves or hemispheres: the left hemisphere and the right hemisphere
Longitudinal Fissure
30
allows the two hemispheres to communicate with each other
Corpus Callosum
31
Frontal lobe parts
Prefrontal Cortex: responsible for higher-level cognitive functioning
Broca’s Area: essential for language production
32
involved in processing information from the body’s senses
Parietal lobe
33
processing sensory information from across the body - touch, temperature, and pain
Somatosensory cortex:
34
responsible for processing auditory information
Temporal Lobe
35
interpreting incoming visual information
Occipital Lobe
36
sensory relay for the brain, all our senses except for smell are routed through the thalamus before being directed to other parts of the brain
Thalamus
37
involved in processing both emotion and memory
sense of smell directly projected
Limbic System
38
structure for learning and memory
Hippocampus
39
emotional meaning to our memories
Hypothalamus
40
internal rhythms of biological activity
biological rhythm
41
biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours, sleep-wake cycle
Circadian rhythm
42
characterised by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness
Rapid-Eye Movement (REM)
43
How many NREM stages are there?
3
44
transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep
Stage 1
45
relatively low frequency (8–13Hz), high amplitude patterns of electrical activity (waves) that become synchronized
Alpha waves
46
even lower frequency (4–7 Hz), higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves
Theta waves
47
body goes into a state of deep relaxation
Theta waves interrupted by sleep spindles brief
Stage 2
48
Deep sleep/Slow wave sleep
Stage 3
49
referred to as paradoxical sleep because of combination of high brain activity and lack of muscle tone
REM sleep
50
dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state. A person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming
Lucid dreams
51
Cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamines, MDMA are examples of _________
stimulants
52
stimulants ______ appetite
decrease
53
decreased heart rate increased blood pressure
Sedative-hyponotics
54
Pain relief, euphoria, sleepiness. High doses can cause death due to respiratory depression.
Opiates
55
state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli
Hypnosis
56
conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential
Transduction
57
messages that are presented below the threshold for conscious awareness
Subliminal Messages
58
the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced
Perception
59
Sensory information from a stimulus in the environment driving a process
Bottom-up Processing
60
knowledge and expectancy driving a process
Top-Down Processing
61
When we don’t perceive stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged periods of time
Sensory Adaptation:
62
transparent covering over the eye and is involved in focusing light waves that enter the eye
Cornea
63
small opening in the eye through which light passes
Pupil
64
Light-sensitive lining of the eye
Retina
65
indentation on back of eye where lens will focus images, part of retina
Fovea
66
Types of photoreceptors
cones = bright light
rods = low light
67
some cells of the visual system are excited by one of the opponent colors and inhibited by the other
Opponent Process Theory
68
Associated with a taste for monosodium glutamate
Umami
69
respond to pressure and lower frequency vibrations
Meissner’s Corpuscles
70
detect transient pressure and higher frequency vibrations
Pacinian Corpuscles
71
detect stretch
Ruffini Corpuscles
72
respond to light pressure
Merkel’s Disks
73
a signal indicating potential harm and maybe pain
Nociception
74
contributes to our ability to maintain balance and body posture, involves - utricle, saccule, and the three semicircular canal
Vestibular Sense
75
the brain creates a perception that is more than simply the sum of available sensory inputs, and it does so in predictable ways
Gestalt Principles of Perception
76
According to the Gestalt Principles of Perception we tend to segment our visual world into _______ and ________
figure and ground
77
innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, like maturation and the change of seasons.
Instinct
78
process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events.
Classical conditioning
79
stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in an organism
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
80
natural (unlearned) reaction to a given stimulus
Unonditioned response (UCR)
81
stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
82
organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequence
operant conditioning
83
mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts
Schema
84
a set of behaviors that can feel like a routine
Event Schema/Cognitive Script
85
the way words are organized into sentences
Syntax
86
Problem Solving Strategy
Trial & Error
Algorithm
Heuristic
87
Working backwards; breaking a task into steps
Heuristic
88
Theory of Intelligence
Sternberg
89
Types of intelligence according to sternberg
Analytical
Creative
Practical
90
Multiple intelligence
Howard Gardner
91
encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words
Automatic Processing
92
Information passes through three distinct stages in order for it to be stored in long-term memory
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
93
2 types of explicit memory
Episodic memory
Sematic memory
94
2 types of implicit memory
Procedural Memory
Priming
95
Information about events we have personally experienced
Episodic memory
96
knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts
Semantic Memory
97
long-term memories that are not part of our consciousness
Implicit Memory
98
exposure to a stimulus affects the response to a later stimulus
Priming
99
set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time
memory
100
you cannot remember new information, although you can remember information and events that happened prior to your injury
Anterograde Amnesia
101
loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma
Retrograde amnesia
102
childhood experiences shape our personalities and behavior as adults
Psychosexual Theory of Development by Sigmund Freud
103
Stages 1-3 of Psychosexual Theory
1 Trust VS Mistrust (0-1y/o)
2 Autonomy VS Shame/Doubt (1-3)
3 Initiative VS Guilt (3-6)
104
Stages 4-6 of Psychosexual Theory
4 Industry vs. Inferiority (7-11)
5 Identity vs Confusion (12-18)
6 Intimacy vs. Isolation (19-29)
105
Stages 7-8 of Psychosexual Theory
7 Generativity vs. Stagnation (30-64)
8 Integrity vs. Despair (65+)
106
Cognitive Theory of Development
Piaget
107
World experienced through senses and actions
Sensorimotor
108
Use words and images to represent things, but lack logical reasoning Have not developed conservation
Preoperational
109
Understand concrete events and analogies logically
perform arithmetical operations
Concrete Operational
110
Utilize abstract reasoning
Formal Operational
111
Sociocultural Theory of Development
Lev Vygotsky
112
Moral Theory of Development by
by Lawrence Kohlberg
113
Classical Conditioning is proposed by _________
Ivan Pavlov
114
Instrumental Conditioning is proposed by _______
Burrhus F. Skinner
115
Insightful learning is proposed by ________
Wolfgang Kohler
116
Social learning is proposed by _________
Albert Bandura
117
behavior theory was proposed by ________ and ______
Whiting and Child
118
Theory of unconscious motivation is manifested in a form of _______
dreams
119
the cognitive theory of motivation states that ______ controls behavior
goals
120
cognitive theory of motivation is proposed by _______
John W. Atkinson
121
Body types personality was proposed by _________
William Sheldon
122
Behavior types theory was proposed by _______
Carl Jung
