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Biochemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

farbar’s ds., which enzyme deficient?

A

ceramidase enzyme

c/f– small joint pain

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2
Q

Tangier’s ds., which metabolism is defective?

A

orange colored tonsils– pathognomic

cholesterol metabolism defective

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3
Q

Km high in which of them, Hexo or Glucokinase?

A

Glucokinase

low in hexokinase

(Km direcetly proportional to 1/ affinity)

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4
Q

hexokinase and glucokinase belongs to which group of enzymes?

A

Transferase

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5
Q

all enzymes are proteins except?

A

Ribozymes (RNA with enzyme activity)

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6
Q

LDH 1,2 AND 5 LOCATIONS?

A

LDH1- HEART
LDH2- RBC
LDH5- LIVER

BLOOD- LDH2> LDH1

MI- LDH1> LDH2

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7
Q

FLIPPED PATTERN OF LDH SEEN IN?

A

Myocardial infarction

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8
Q

tryptophan has which type of ring in its structure?

A

Indol ring

Tryptophan—Serotonin (5 HIAA)—- Melatonin (HIAA)

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9
Q

just remember this..

A

60 mg of tryptophan give rise to 1mg of niacin (vit B3)

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10
Q

Tryptophan to niacin needs which vitamin?

A

Vit B6

B6 def.– increase xanthurenic acid and decrease niacin

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11
Q

pellagra seen in which vit def.?

A

Niacin (b3) def.

maize diet (staple diet)

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12
Q

just remember—

A

carcinoid syndrome

24 hour urinary HIAA increased

most of tryptophan——-serotonin —- increase HIAA
but Niacin will be decreased.—- pellagra symptoms

c/f– endocardial fibrosis

flushing

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13
Q

hartnup ds., which defect?

A

AR

absorption of tryptophan and neural AA in intestine and renal tubule is defective

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14
Q

just remember…

A

tryptophan absorb maximum light at 260-280 nm

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15
Q

what is atkin’s diet?

A

Low calorie and low carb diet

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16
Q

just remember..

A

insulin removes phosphate from enzymes and decrease cAMP

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17
Q

OH has tendency to attach with?

A

phosphate

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18
Q

3 AA with OH group?

A

Tyrosine
Threonine
Serine

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19
Q

just remember…-

A

all monosaccharides are reducing sugar as they have free functional group

Imp- Reducing sugar gives Benedict’s test positive in urine sample

Normal color- Blue

Highest sugar content gives brick red color

color changes- viBGYOR

pyq- Benedict’s test is semiquantitative test.

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20
Q

what are enantiomers?

A

mirror images of each other

e.g., D and L glucose

OH orientation at panultimate carbon (5th carbon)

Note- all carbs in our body are found in D forms only

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21
Q

what is epimerism?

A

OH orientation at other than panultimate carbon.

IMP— e.g., – Glucose and Mannose at C2

Glucose and Galactose at C4

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22
Q

what is Anomerism?

A
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23
Q

dietary fibers reduce which thing?

A

total cholesterol and LDL

dec. post prandial blood glucose

make bulk of feces

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24
Q

Mucopolysaccharides (GAGs) made up of?

A

acidic sugar (negative charge) + amino sugar (positive charge)

e.g.- Hyaluronic acid (no sulphate)— imp.— found in synovial fluid and vitreous humour—–responsible for wound healing

Keratan sulphate– responsible for transparency of cornea

– Has no acid (COOH)
– Has no uronic acid

Heparin
Heparan sulphate
chondroitin sulphate
dermatan sulphate

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25
Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) c/f?
these are lysosomal storage ds.---- all are AR except hunter's ds.--- XR MPS 1 H- HURLER DS.--- COMPLETE IDURONIDASE ENZYME DEF.-- Mental retrdation present MPS 1 S- Scheie ds.-- partial iduronidase def.--- no mental retardation MPS 2- Hunter ds.-- Iduronate sulfatase def. - no corneal clouding-- no vision issue MPS 3- SANFILLIPO---Most common
26
3 IRREVERSIBLE ENZYMES OF GLYCOLYSIS?
1. hexokinase 2. PFK--- rate limiting enzyme 3. Pyruvate kinase
27
just rememer...
all kinases are transferase all kinase require Mg2+ as cofactor if kinase is involved in any reaction, ATP is used or produced.
28
In aerobic glycolysis, net gain of ATP?
7
29
IN ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS, NET ATP GAIN?
2 ATP only
30
ATP produced by them: NADH, FADH,NADPH
NADH- 2.5 ATP FADH- 1.5 ATP NADPH- 0 ATP
31
JUST REMEMBER..
IF KINASE PRODUCES ATP, THIS IS K/A SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION.
32
Enolase enzyme is inhibited by?
NaF--- used for blood glucose estimation
33
most common enzyme def. leading to hemolytic anemia?
G6PD def., lactate high
34
2nd most common enzyme def., leading to hemolytic anemia?
Pyruvate kinase def., Lactate is low
35
exercise intolerance and low lactate levels, diagnosis?
PFK enzyme def.--- Type 7 glycogen storage ds.
36
1 acetyl coA prodcues how many ATPs through kreb's cycle?
10 ATP so, 2 produces 20 atp
37
Cofactor for oxidative decarboxylation?
B1
38
cofactor for NADH?
B3
39
FADH cofactor?
B2
40
CoA, cofactor?
B5
41
ETC complex 1 name?
NADH CO Q Reductase
42
inhibitor of complex 1?
RotenONE Piercidin
43
just remember?
if removing H== oxidation if adding H-- Reduction
44
inhibitor of complex 3?
BAL (British Antilewisite) used in As/Ag poisoning Antimycin (chemical used in fishery) Phenformin (not used nowadays--- cause lactic acidosis) Metformin
45
inhibitor of complex 4?
CN (cyanide) CO (carbon mono oxide ) H2S Azide
46
inhibitor of complex 2?
Malonate Carboxin TTFA
47
inhibitor of complex 5?
Oligomycin==== inhibit F0 (ADP TO ATP conversion)
48
uncouplers of ETC?
any compound which cause H+ ion leakage via Inner mitochondrial membrane. Natural Uncouplers: Thermogenin=== have F1 but no F0 Thyroxine Long chain FA Unconj. bilirubin other: 2,4 Dinitrophenol (DNP) Dinitrocresol
49
rate limiting enzyme of HMP shunt?
G6PDehydrogenase
50
HMP SHUNT occur in?
Cytosol
51
to detect B2 def., we measure which enzyme activity in rbc?
Glutathion reductase
52
Von gierke's ds., which enzyme def.?
Glucose 6 Phosphatase def. C/f- muscles are not affected as they lack this enzyme already fasting hypoglycemia (severe) hepatomegaly no gluconeogenesis Kidneys are enlarged
53
Pompe's ds., which enzyme def.? Type 2 GSD
acid maltase def. C/f- hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
54
Cori's/ Forbe's/Limit dextrinosis ds., which enzyme def.? Type 3 GSD?
DEBRANCHING Enzyme def. C/f---- abnormal glycogen stored fasting hypoglycemia hepatomegaly myopathy cures itself----- by the puberty age
55
Type 4 GSD-- Anderson ds., which enzyme def.?
Branching enzyme def. C/f- amylopectin like abnormal glycogen accumulate death occur by 4 yrs
56
Type 5 GSD== Mc Ardle's ds.?
Muscle phosphorylase def. C/f--- exercise intolerance- Rhabdomyolysis-- burgendy color urine low lactic acidosis
57
Type 6 GSD, Her's ds?
Liver phosphorylase def. c/f--- mild symptoms
58
activator of glycogen phosphorylation in muscle?
Calcium
59
Gluconeogenesis occur in?
Cytoplasm and Mitochondria
60
not substrate for gluconeogenesis?
pure ketogenic amino acid=== Leucine, Lysine
61
Glucose 6 phosphatase present in?
SER (smooth endo reticulum)
62
MC FA synthesis?
palmitic acid
63
Rothras test is used for?
Ketone bodies detection gives purple color
64
Thiophorase is absent in which organ?
Liver can synthesis ketone bodies but can not utilize ketone body due to this enzyme def.
65
alpha oxidation takes place in?
Endo reticulum and peroxisome
66
REFSUM DISEASE?
peroximal disorder (impaired alpha oxidation of branched chain FA) e.g, Phytanoyl coA symptoms- retinitis pigmentosa, Icthyosis, Peripheral neuropathy
67
omega oxidation occurs in?
SER
68
ZELL WEGER SYNDROME (cerebro hepato renal)?
defect in peroximal function VLCFA oxidation is altered (it accumulates)---PYQ, alpha oxidation also affected (branched chain FA) symptoms- seizures, mongloid face
69
beta oxidation of odd chain FA
PROPIONIC ACID (PROPIONYL coA)
70
How HDL works?
by making bad cholesterol into cholesterol ester (reverse cholesterol transport) with help of LCAT enzyme (lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase) Apo A1 is activator of this enzyme. DEF.- if partial-- Fish eye ds. (corneal opacity) NO RUM disease-- ESRD+ Corneal opacity
71
All sphingolipoitosis (LSD)...
all have MR-- except Gaucher's ds. all are AR-- except Fabry's ds. All have cherry red spot except Gaucher and Fabry's ds'
72
basic AA are?
more basic---Arginine> Lysine> Histidine
73
In electrophoresis, movement depends on?
charge, size, shape ---- all of them
74
Acidic AA are?
aspartic acid, glutamic acid
75
Amino acid which are polar with ccharge?
Basic AA His ARG LY ACIDIC AA ASP GL
76
aromatic aa ?
phenylalalnine, tyrosine,
77
Phenylketonuria, which enzyme def.?
Phenylalanine hydroxylase
78
Formation of GLUTAMATE?
Alanine give NH3 group to alpha- ketoglutarate to form Glutamate.
79
Which 3 AA does not show transamination?
Po Ly Thene Proline Lysine Threonine other 17 AA shows transamination
80
In Urea cycle defect/ hyperammonimea, which intermediate of kreb cycle will be depleted?
Alpha- ketoglutarate
81
connecting link between kreb cycle and urea cycle?
Fumarate
82
connecting AA between Kreb cycle and Urea cycle?
Aspartate
83
difference between Hyperammonemia Type 1 and 2?
in Type 2 (OTC def.)-- Oroticaciduria in Type 1 (CPS 1)-- normal orotic acid
84
Urea C AND N atoms origins?
C= CO2 N= NH3 N= Aspartate
85
Helicase funciton?
seperate ds DNA use ATP produce supercoiling
86
Topoisomerase function?
Topo 1-- cut one strand Topo 2-- cut both strands remove supercoiling NOTE=== In prokaryotes, DNA gyrase in place of topo...
87
Primase fucntion?
synthesise primer one primer for leading strand (synthesis occur continuously) multi primer for lagging stand (synthesis in fragments)
88
DNA POLYMERASE 3 function?
complete leading strand (form DNA) small fragment on lagging strand--- c/a OKAZAKI fragment
89
DNA POLYMERASE 1 function?
remove primer in 5' to 3' direction from both leading and lagging strands AND FILL THE GAP ON LAGGING STRAND small portion of DNA is lost after each replication------TELOMER (TTAGGG)
90
DNA LIGASE FUNCTION?
act only on lagging strand and join the fragments
91
what is Heyflick limit?
depending on telomer, cell can divide upto 40-60 times
92
92
post transcriptional modification of mRNA?
1. CAPPING-- occur at 5' end-- it helps to initiate translation (protein synthesis) 2. poly A tail attachment at 3' end AAUAAA (signal sequence) ==== stabilize RNA and help in exit from Nucleus 3. SPLICING--- removal of intron--- DONE BY SnRNA
93

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