Biochemistry

Question 1

Inorganic

Answer 1

Non-living matter
Ex. Water, makes up 60% of body (cytoplasm,fluid between cells, blood)
Phosphates; Ions-hydrogen, sodium, calcium, etc.

Question 2

Organic

Answer 2

Contain carbon bonded to hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur, > carbon based!!
Ex. Macromolecules- carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 3

Carbohydrate (CHO) -ending of ‘OSE’

Answer 3

• Role: provide short/long term energy storage for organisms
• composed of subunits called monosaccharides

Question 4

Monosaccharide

Answer 4

“One sugar”
Ex. Glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 5

Polysaccharide

Answer 5

• complex carbohydrates, many linked simple sugars
• often function as long term energy storage
  Ex. Starch: energy storage in plants
  -glycogen: energy storage in animals
  -cellulose: plant cell wall

Question 6

Lipids (CHO) - ending of ‘OL’

Answer 6

-Role: main functions are energy storage, cell membranes structure, and heat insulation
-insoluble in water (non polar)
-animal based lipids are solid at room temperature; plant based are liquid.
- subunits> formed a glycerol molecule and fatty acids

Question 7

Glycerol

Answer 7

• 3 carbon backbone
• Served as the foundational structure where fatty acids attach
• found in lipid molecules like triglycerides

Question 8

Fatty acids

Answer 8

-subunits of lipids, formed from a glycerol molecule typically 3 fatty acids
- saturated (animal) vs unsaturated (plant) fatty acid solution
-serves as a key component in energy storage

Question 9

Protein (CHON)- ending of ‘IN’

Answer 9

• Role: structurally important for cell membranes and shape of cells, functionally needed for enzymes, control chemical reactions, and hormones.
• composed of subunits called amino acids
• 20 different types of amino acids- body can synthesize 11, 9 essential from diet.

Question 10

Peptide Bond

Answer 10

• amino acids bonded together in strands
  -Ex. Hemoglobin: component of red blood cells
  Keratin: hair hair and fingernails
  Collagen: skin and connective tissue

Question 11

Amino Acid

Answer 11

-Building blocks: Amino acids are the fundamental subunits that compose proteins

Question 12

Denaturation

Answer 12

• temporarily changes the shape/function of a protein by disrupting the bonds
  Ex. heat, radiation, change in pH

Question 13

Benedict test

Answer 13

-Testing for sugars (mono+disaccharides)
- color change: blue> green, orange, brown

Question 14

Biuret test

Answer 14

• testing for proteins/peptides
• color change> blue > pink/purple

Question 15

lodine test

Answer 15

• tests for starches
• color change: yellow/orange> blue/black

Question 16

Translucence test

Answer 16

• lipids
• Brown> semi clear

Question 17

Coagulation

Answer 17

• permanent change in shape of protein.
  Ex. Cooking an egg (egg hardens)
• Blood clotting to stop a bleed

Question 18

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 18

• a hydroxyl (-OH) group is removed from one and a hydrogen atom is removed from another -forms water

Question 19

Anabolism

Answer 19

• “building up”
• simple molecules are combined together to form more complex compounds.
• occurs in cells- forming covalent bonds between 2 subunits

Question 20

Hydrolysis

Answer 20

• reverse dehydration, water is added
• water is added to split or break down

Question 21

Catabolism

Answer 21

• complex compounds are broken down into simple molecules

Question 22

Enzyme

Answer 22

• protein molecule that acts as a catalyst, “ase” suffix

Question 23

Active site

Answer 23

• the part of the enzyme that binds to the substrate

Question 24

Inhibitor (competitive)

Answer 24

• attach to enzymes active site blocking the substrate from, binding

Question 25

Inhibitor (non-competitive)

Answer 25

- attach on the allosteric site of the enzyme changing the 3D shape and active site

Question 26

Cofactor

Answer 26

- inorganic ion that helps an enzyme combine with a substrate

Question 27

Coenzyme

Answer 27

- organic molecule synthesized from a vitamin that helps an enzyme combine with a substrate

Question 28

Metabolic Pathway

Answer 28

- sequences of chemical reactions, enzymes control each step, process regulated by feedback inhibition - good metabolism

Question 29

Negative Feedback

Answer 29

- stops a process - binding of final product with regulatory site of the enzyme lowers reaction rate (inhibits the pathway)

Question 30

Precursor Activation

Answer 30

- starts a process - activation of last enzyme in a metabolic pathway due to build up of initial substrate, increases rate of reaction and formation of products.

Question 31

Feedback inhibition

Answer 31

- final product of a pathway inhibits one of the enzymes and slows the reaction rate