Excretion

Question 1

deamination

Answer 1

The process that remove the amino group from amino acids

Question 2

urea

Answer 2

The liver combines ammonia with carbon dioxide to form urea, a much less toxic product

Question 3

uric acid

Answer 3

the liver also breaks down nucleic acids to produce a waste product called uric acid

Question 4

kidney

Answer 4

• Removes waste products from deamination
• maintain water balance in body (homeostasis)

Question 5

renal cortex

Answer 5

An outer layer of connective tissues that enclose the kidney

Question 6

renal medulla

Answer 6

The middle layer of the kidney

Question 7

renal pelvis

Answer 7

A hollow inner layer in which the ureter, arteries and veins attach to the kidney

Question 8

bladder

Answer 8

• Can hold up to 200ml of urine when relaxed
• prevents urine from leaving through a sphincter muscle

Question 9

ureter

Answer 9

• Transports urine from the kidney to the bladder
• connects the kidneys to the bladder through a specific pathway
• allows urine to move from the kidneys renal pelvis to the bladder

Question 10

urethra

Answer 10

• Part of the urine pathway from the bladder to the outside of the body
• serves as the final passage for urine to exitduring urination
  -controlled by a voluntary sphincter musclethat regulates urine release

Question 11

nephron

Answer 11

The functional unit of the kidney responsible for urine production.

Question 12

renal vein

Answer 12

• Carries blood away from the kidneys afterfiltration
• transports deoxygenated blood from the kidneys
• involved in the process of removing nitrogen groups during metabolic processes

Question 13

renal artery

Answer 13

• Carries oxygenated blood tothe kidneys
• supplies blood to the nephron through the efferent arteriole
• initiates the blood filtration process in the kidney

Question 14

afferent arteriole

Answer 14

• Supplies blood to the nephron from the renal artery
• branches into the glomerulus, which is a capillary network where initial blood filtration occurs
• part of the unique blood vessel arrangement in the kidney’s filtration system

Question 15

efferent arteriole

Answer 15

• Part of the unique blood vessel system in the kidney’s nephron
• follows the glomerulus in the blood filtration pathway
• connects the glomerulus to the capillary network

Question 16

glomerulus

Answer 16

Located in the nephron,the glomerulus is a specialized capillary network responsible for initial blood filtration

Question 17

Bowman’s Capsule

Answer 17

• Initial filtration site in the nephron where blood filtration begins
• receives filtrate from theglomerulus

Question 18

proximal tube

Answer 18

• Reabsorbs Substances: vitamins, amino acids, glucose, and sodium
• loss of water increases solute concentration
• urea can also leave the tube

Question 19

Loop of Henle

Answer 19

Water Reabsorption; Descending loop
- permeable only to water
- water leaves the tubule into instertitial fluid via osmosis
- driven by high salt concentrationin the medulla

Salt Concentration Gradiant; Ascending loop
- permeable only to ions
- creates a salt concentration gradient towards the bottom of the loop
- induces chloride ion diffusion
- concentrates urea in the tubule

Question 20

Distal tube

Answer 20

• Secretes waste materials; actively transport out sodium ions, and chloride ions follow sodium ions

Ion and pH balance
- draws in potassium and hydrogen ions
- helps maintain pH balance around 7.4
- uses chemoreceptors to monitor and adjust ion concentrations

Sodium regulation
- sodium pumps controlled by aldosterone
- responds to blood sodium fluctuations
- allows sodium to be drawn back into the bloodstream

Tubular Secretion
- adds excess ions and substances to the filtrate from surrounding capillaries
- considered a form of “reabsorption in reverse”

Question 21

collecting ducts

Answer 21

Transports urine from the distal tubule to the renal pelvis and eventually to the ureter

Question 22

filtration

Answer 22

• Filtration is the first step in urine production
• not all blood components Pass through the filter
• useful molecules can be reabsorbed later in the nephron

Question 23

tubular reabsorption

Answer 23

Reabsorption involves returning useful molecules from the filtrate back into the bloodstream through various transport mechanisms

Question 24

tubular secretion

Answer 24

• A process where ions and substances are added to the filtrate from surrounding capillaries
• often described as “reabsorption in reverse”
• occurs in distal tube
• involves actively transporting substances; sodium ions are actively transported out and Cl ions follow sodium ions

Question 25

water reabsorption

Answer 25

- Collecting duct reabsorption - controlled by ADH from the pituitary gland - Oslo receptors monitor pressure and blood concentration

Question 26

chemoreceptors

Answer 26

- Monitors blood pH to help maintain homeostasis - can move H+ ions and HCO3- ions to keep blood pH around 7.4

Question 27

tubular secretion

Answer 27

- Excess ions and other substances are actively added to the filtrate from surrounding capillaries - maintains blood pH levels by secreting substances into the filtrate - actively transports sodium ions out of the nephron with chloride ions following - often described as "reabsorption in reverse” - allows the kidney to remove specific substances from the blood and excrete them in urine.

Question 28

osmoreceptors

Answer 28

- Monitor water pressure and levels in the blood

Question 29

urinary tract infection (UTI)

Answer 29

- Bacterial or vita infection in the bladder- cystitis, infection in urethra - urethritis - symptoms include burning sensation when urinating: bloody or brown urine - treatment- antibiotics

Question 30

diabetes mellitus

Answer 30

- Inadequate secretion of insulin leads to high blood-sugar levels endocrine disorder which affects the kidney) - excess glucose is secreted in urine - large volumes of urine produced, often thirsty (water follows the solute/glucose in nephron)

Question 31

Kidney stones

Answer 31

- Crystalline formations due to excess calcium in urine - caused by recurrent utls, insufficient water consumption - treatment varies on size of stones-medications, ultrasound shock waves, surgery

Question 32

nephritis

Answer 32

- Inflammation of the nephrons - affects the blood vessels in the glomerulus and can alter permeability

Question 33

renal failure

Answer 33

- A condition where kidneys cannot maintain homeostasis and perform their essential functions

Question 34

hemodialysis

Answer 34

- A type of dialysis that acts as an artificial kidney - performs blood cleansing through a specific process - uses a semipermeable membrane - allows diffusion of dissolved substances - moves substances through passive transport - transfers high blood solutes into the dialysis solution

Question 35

peritoneal dialysis

Answer 35

-used when kidneys cannot effectively filter waste and maintain homeostasis - involves diffusion of dissolved substances through a semipermeable membrane - moves substances through passive transport - transfers high blood solutes into the dialysis solution

Question 36

Liver

Answer 36

- Breaks down RBC - processes lactic acid from anaerobic respiration - deaminates amino acids - converts proteins into waste products found in urine