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biochemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

metabolic fuels after meal, .

A

glucose, Free fatty acid, isoleucine, leucine, valine.

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2
Q

In the skeletal muscle metabolic fuels during short term fasting

A

free fatty acids, isoleucine, leucine, valine

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3
Q

in the skeletal muscle metabolic fuels during long term fasting

A

free fatty acids, acetoacetate, B-OH butyrate

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4
Q

In the skeletal muscle metabolic fuel during anoxia and tetanic conraction

A

glucose and own glycogen

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5
Q

in the heart muscle metabolic fuel after a meal

A

glucose, lactate and pyruvate

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6
Q

In the heart muscle metabolic fuel during fastin short term

A

free fatty acids, tryacilglycerols, leucine, isoleucine and valine

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7
Q

In the heart muscle metabolic fuel during fasting (long term)

A

acetoacetate B-hydroxybutyrate

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8
Q

In the heart muscle metabolic fuel during anoxia

A

glucose and glycogen

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9
Q

In the heart muscle metabolic fuel during work load and alcohol ingestion

A

free fatty acids; acetate

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10
Q

skeletal muscle proteins and their functions

A

myosin, actin, tropomyosi, troponin

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11
Q

myoglobin function

A

oxygen storage

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12
Q

whats the difference between myoglobin and hemoglobins

A

hemoglobin have fe2+ myoglobin fe3+ so hemoglobin can transport oxygen myoglobin cant

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13
Q

backup ATP

A

3 reactions. creatine kinase, myokinaze, oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis.

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14
Q

red fibers

A

more mitochondria and myoglobin.
slow
oxidative phosphorilation
type 1 fibers

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15
Q

few mitochondria,
fast
glycolysis.
which type of fiber?

A

white fibers

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16
Q

when stops muscle contraction

A

until we have ca and ATP

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17
Q

what is the key anzymes in lipid metabolism

A

acetyl coa carboxylase, fatty acid synthetase

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18
Q

what is happening after feeding? and don’t skip enzyme names

A

TAGs is converted to fatty acids and glycerol by LPL.

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19
Q

final effects of insulin

A

more fatty acid uptake& TAG formation.
More glucose uptake & conversionn to fat
More protein synthesis in adipocytes( helps maintain cell structure & function)

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20
Q

why do we need lipolysis?

A

We need lipolysis because it provides energy when glucose levels are low and plays a key role in metabolic homeostasis.

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21
Q

thermogenin

A

Thermogenin, also known as uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), is a mitochondrial protein found in brown adipose tissue (BAT) that enables non-shivering thermogenesis (heat production).

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22
Q

What are the main contractile proteins found in cardiac muscle?

A

Actin and myosin (similar to skeletal muscle but with slight differences in composition).

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23
Q

How does epinephrine influence cardiac muscle contraction?

A

Epinephrine increases cAMP levels, which activates protein kinase. This leads to phosphorylation of troponin I, myosin light chain, and phospholamban, enhancing contraction.

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24
Q

What is the primary metabolic fuel for the heart under normal conditions?

A

Fatty acids (60-90%) are the primary fuel under normal conditions.

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25
How does the heart adapt to low oxygen (anoxia) conditions for energy production?
During anoxia, the heart increases glucose metabolism (10-20x more) and relies more on glycogen stores for energy.
26
What role does phospholamban play in calcium regulation within cardiac muscle?
Phospholamban regulates calcium transport in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, affecting contraction and relaxation.
27
What are the two main types of adipose tissue and their primary functions?
White adipose tissue (WAT) for energy storage, and brown adipose tissue (BAT) for heat production.
28
How does insulin affect lipid metabolism in adipose tissue?
Insulin activates lipoprotein lipase (LPL), increasing fatty acid uptake and TAG synthesis. It also enhances glucose uptake via GLUT4.
29
What are the major fatty acids stored in white adipose tissue?
Oleic acid (45%), palmitic acid (20%), linoleic acid (10%), stearic acid (6%), and myristic acid (4%).
30
During fasting, which hormone activates hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) to break down stored fat?
Glucagon and epinephrine (short-term fasting) and glucocorticoids (long-term fasting).
31
What is the function of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in brown adipose tissue?
UCP1 (thermogenin) in BAT allows protons to leak across mitochondria, producing heat instead of ATP.
32
How does insulin promote triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis in adipose tissue?
Insulin & TAG synthesis: Activates lipoprotein lipase (LPL) → Increases fatty acid uptake. Enhances glucose uptake (via GLUT4) → Provides glycerol-3-phosphate for TAG synthesis. Stimulates acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) & fatty acid synthase (FAS) → Promotes lipogenesis.
33
What enzyme is responsible for hydrolyzing triacylglycerols (TAGs) in adipocytes during fasting?
Enzyme for TAG breakdown during fasting: Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) hydrolyzes TAGs into free fatty acids (FFAs) & glycerol.
34
How does glucagon affect adipose tissue metabolism?
Glucagon's effect on adipose tissue: Activates hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) → Increases lipolysis. Inhibits TAG synthesis. Increases cAMP levels, which activate protein kinase A (PKA) to phosphorylate HSL.
35
What is the main function of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in adipose tissue?
Function of lipoprotein lipase (LPL): Hydrolyzes TAGs in chylomicrons & VLDL into fatty acids & glycerol, making them available for adipocytes.
36
Why does white adipose tissue lack glycerol kinase, and how does it obtain glycerol-3-phosphate for TAG synthesis?
Why adipose tissue lacks glycerol kinase & alternative source of glycerol-3-phosphate: Adipose tissue lacks glycerol kinase, so it cannot directly use free glycerol. Instead, it converts glucose to glycerol-3-phosphate via glycolysis.
37
How does epinephrine stimulate lipolysis in adipocytes?
Epinephrine & lipolysis: Binds to β-adrenergic receptors → Activates adenylate cyclase → Increases cAMP → Activates PKA → Phosphorylates HSL → Promotes TAG breakdown.
38
What are the three main pathways for TAG synthesis in adipose tissue?
Three major pathways for TAG synthesis: Glycerol-3-phosphate pathway (main pathway). Monoacylglycerol (MAG) pathway. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) pathway.
39
What is the role of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) in adipose tissue?
Role of ACC & FAS: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) converts acetyl-CoA → malonyl-CoA (first step in fatty acid synthesis). Fatty acid synthase (FAS) converts malonyl-CoA → palmitate (a fatty acid).
40
Why do adipocytes prefer fatty acids over glucose for energy production during fasting?
Why adipocytes prefer fatty acids over glucose during fasting: Low insulin levels → Reduced glucose uptake (GLUT4 inactive). High lipolysis → Increased availability of fatty acids as an energy source.
41
What are the key hormonal regulators of lipolysis in adipose tissue?
ey hormonal regulators of lipolysis: Activators: Glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol. Inhibitor: Insulin.
42
How does hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) get activated and inhibited?
HSL activation & inhibition: Activation: Glucagon/Epinephrine → ↑ cAMP → Activates PKA → Phosphorylates & activates HSL → TAG breakdown. Inhibition: Insulin → Activates phosphodiesterase (PDE) → Degrades cAMP → Deactivates HSL → Stops lipolysis.
43
How does the cAMP pathway regulate adipose tissue metabolism?
cAMP pathway in adipose metabolism: Glucagon/Epinephrine → Activates adenylate cyclase → cAMP increases → Activates PKA → PKA phosphorylates HSL → Lipolysis occurs.
44
What effect does prolonged fasting have on adipose tissue metabolism?
Prolonged fasting effect on adipose tissue metabolism: Lipolysis increases → More free fatty acids (FFAs) released into blood. Ketone body production increases (as liver uses FFAs). Glucocorticoids sustain lipolysis for long-term energy supply.
45
What is the function of perilipin, and how does it regulate lipolysis?
Perilipin's function in lipolysis regulation: Coats lipid droplets & prevents HSL from accessing TAGs when insulin is high. Phosphorylated by PKA during fasting → Allows HSL to break down TAGs.
46
What metabolic shift occurs in adipose tissue during cold exposure?
Metabolic shift in cold exposure: BAT is activated → Burns fatty acids for heat via UCP1. WAT can convert into beige fat, increasing thermogenesis.
47
How does brown adipose tissue (BAT) produce heat instead of ATP?
How BAT produces heat instead of ATP: UCP1 uncouples oxidative phosphorylation → Instead of making ATP, energy is lost as heat.
48
What is the significance of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in thermogenesis?
Role of UCP1 in thermogenesis: Creates a proton leak in mitochondria, allowing heat generation instead of ATP production.
49
What is the role of prostaglandins in regulating lipolysis?
Prostaglandins & lipolysis regulation: Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) inhibits lipolysis by reducing cAMP levels.
50
How does insulin inhibit lipolysis at the molecular level?
How insulin inhibits lipolysis at the molecular level: Activates phosphodiesterase (PDE) → Breaks down cAMP → Deactivates PKA → Dephosphorylates HSL → Stops lipolysis.
51
What is the effect of insulin resistance on adipose tissue metabolism?
Effect of insulin resistance on adipose metabolism: Reduced glucose uptake (GLUT4 dysfunction). Impaired suppression of lipolysis, leading to high free fatty acid levels.
52
How does obesity alter the function of white adipose tissue?
How obesity alters white adipose tissue function: WAT inflammation increases. Adipokine secretion is dysregulated (low adiponectin, high leptin & TNF-α).
53
What role does adipose tissue play in metabolic syndrome?
Adipose tissue & metabolic syndrome: Excess visceral fat leads to insulin resistance, inflammation, and dyslipidemia.
54
How do adipokines like leptin and adiponectin regulate energy homeostasis?
Role of adipokines in energy homeostasis: Leptin: Suppresses appetite & increases energy expenditure. Adiponectin: Increases insulin sensitivity & enhances fatty acid oxidation.
55
Why do obese individuals have higher levels of circulating free fatty acids (FFAs)?
Why obese individuals have high circulating FFAs: Insulin resistance fails to suppress lipolysis, leading to excess FFA release into the blood.
56
alcohol metabolism
Step 1: Ethanol → Acetaldehyde Enzyme: Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH) Step 2: Acetaldehyde → Acetate Enzyme: Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH)
57
G6PD deficiency
hemolytic anemia
58
what is the treatment for chronic granulomatous disease?
gama interferon
59
what is chronic granulomatous disease?
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) is a rare X-linked or autosomal recessive immunodeficiency caused by a defect in the NADPH oxidase enzyme in phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages).
60
Upon contraction, the sarcomere of skeletal muscle shortens. Identify the appropriate histological sequence of the following events:
I band width shortens, A band remains constant length, H band width shortens
61
caveolae
62
Which of the following best describes myasthenia gravis (MG) and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS)?
MG, postsynaptic disease; LEMS, presynaptic disease
63
Bening bone tumors
osteochondroma. osteoid osteoma, osteoma, osteoblastoma, chondroma, Giant cell tumor
64
Malignant bone tumors
osteosracoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma
65
osteoid osteoma
small, nigh pain, NSAIDs
66
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