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pharmacology Flashcards

drugs (89 cards)

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1
Q

Muscarinic antagonist, which causes dry mouth&skin

A

Atropine

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2
Q

Muscarinic antagonist for treatment of bradycardia

A

Atropine

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3
Q

muscarinic antagonist in CNS

A

Atropine, Scopolamine

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4
Q

Muscarinic antagonist in respiratory

A

Ipratropium, Glycopyrollate

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5
Q

Gq protein coupled receptors

A

H1, a1, V1, M1, or M

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6
Q

Gs protein coupled receptors

A

B1, B2, B3, D1, H2, or V2

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7
Q

Gi protein coupled receptors

A

M2,  a2, or D2
H3 H4

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8
Q

G-protein–linked second messengers pathway

A

Gq - (+) phospholipase c
Gs - (+) adenylyl cyclase
Gi - (-) adenylyl cuclase

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9
Q

what is cholinomimetic agents?

A

Cholinomimetic agents are drugs that mimic the action of acetylcholine (ACh), the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system, at cholinergic receptors.

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10
Q

cholinomimetic agents direct agonists

A

Bethanechol
Carbachol
Methacholine
Pilocarpine

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11
Q

cholinomimetic indirect agonists

A

Donepezil,
rivastigmine,
galantamine
Neostigmine
Pyridostigmine
Physostigmine

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12
Q

cholinomimetic receptors

A

muscarinic
nicotinic

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13
Q

Sympathomimetics

A

Adrenergic
Dopamine

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14
Q

Direct sympathomimetics

A

Albuterol
salmeterol
terbutaline
Dobutamine
Dopamine
Epinephrine
Fenoldopam
Isoproterenol
Midodrine
Mirabegron
Norepinephrine
Phenylephrine

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15
Q

Indirect sympathomimetics

A

Amphetamine
Cocaine
Ephedrine

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16
Q

Neostigmine

A

Indirect-acting cholinomimetic; reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Effects:
Skeletal Muscle: Improves muscle strength (used in myasthenia gravis).
GI/Bladder: Increases motility (used for postoperative ileus and urinary retention).
Heart: Bradycardia (muscarinic effect).

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17
Q

Pyridostigmine

A

Indirect-acting cholinomimetic; reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Effects:
Skeletal Muscle, CNS
Long-term management of myasthenia gravis.

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18
Q

Indirect-acting cholinomimetic; reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. effects on CNS & eye. uses for Anticholinergic toxicity, Glaucoma

A

Physostigmine

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19
Q

Pralidoxime (2-PAM)

A

Cholinesterase reactivator.
Restores function of acetylcholinesterase at both muscarinic and nicotinic sites.
Treatment of organophosphate poisoning

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20
Q

Methacholine

A

Direct-acting cholinomimetic; muscarinic receptor agonist. effects: Bronchoconstriction
Secretions: Increases glandular secretions

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21
Q

Methacholine adverse affect

A

Severe bronchospasm (especially in asthmatic patients).
Hypotension and bradycardia due to systemic muscarinic activation.

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22
Q

Pilocarpine

A

Direct-acting cholinomimetic; muscarinic receptor agonist.

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23
Q

Pilocarpine effects

A

Eye: Miosis and ciliary muscle contraction
Glands: Stimulates secretion

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24
Q

Pilocarpine adverse effects

A

Blurred vision, brow ache, and miosis (difficulty in night vision).
Systemic effects: Sweating, salivation, and bradycardia.

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25
Pyridostigmine adverse effects
Muscarinic effects such as diarrhea, salivation, and bradycardia; often co-administered with atropine to counteract these.
26
Physostigmine adverse effects
CNS effects: Seizures at high doses. Peripheral muscarinic effects: Bradycardia, excessive salivation, and diarrhea.
27
Pralidoxime (2-PAM) adverse effects
May cause transient hypertension and muscle rigidity.
28
Neostigmine main function
Muscle strength ↑, motility ↑
29
Pyridostigmine main function
Longer muscle effect
30
Physostigmine main function
CNS effects, miosis
31
Pralidoxime main function
Restores AChE (muscarinic & nicotinic)
32
Methacholine main function
Bronchoconstriction
33
Pilocarpine main function
Miosis, secretion stimulation
34
for motion sickness anticholinergic reduce salivation used as patch
Scopolamine
35
Benzotropin
used in parkinson's disease
36
Eye muscarinic antagonists
Atropine, homatropine, tropicamide
37
what is glaucoma
Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that cause damage to the optic nerve, which is crucial for vision. The damage is often linked to high intraocular pressure (IOP), the pressure within the eye.
38
β-blockers drugs
Atenolol labetalol metoprolol propranolol
39
Glaucoma 
production of aqueous humor
40
α-blockers drugs
Nonselective: Phenoxybenzamine Phentolamine selective: Mirtazapine
41
COX-2 inhibitor
celecoxib
42
COX-1, COX-2 inhibitors
NSAIDs
43
Zileutin
5- lipooxugenase
44
glucocorticoids inhibits
Phospholipase A2
45
aspirin overdose treatment
NaHCO3.
46
aspirin adverse effects
Gastric ulceration tinnitus allergic reactions kidney injury interstitial nephritis GI bleeding
47
acetaminophen high dose. what will happen?
this is toxic
48
NSAIDs
Ibuprofen Naproxen Indomethacin ketorolac diclofenac meloxicam piroxicam
49
DIrect Sympathomimetic drugs
Albuterol - B2>b1 salmetrol - B2>B1 terbutalin - B2>B1 dobutamine B>a dopamine D>B>a fenoldopum D1 isoproterenal B1=B2 midodrine a1 mirabegron B3 epinephrine B>a norepinephrine a1>a2> B1 phenylepinephrine a1>a2
50
Indirect Sympathomimetic drugs
Amphetamine Cocaine Ephedrine(mixed)
51
Symphatolytic drugs
a2 agonists Clonidine Guanfacine a-methyldopa Tizidine
52
a blockers
Phenylbenamine phenylalanine Prazosin doxazosin tamsulosin mirtazopine
53
B blockers
Atenolol Betaxolol Bisoprolol Carvedilol Esmalol Labetalol Metaprolol Nadolol Nebivalol Propranolol Timolol
54
Prazosin Terazosin Doxazosin Tamulosin
a1 selective blockers
55
Atenolol Bisoprolol
B1 selective blockers
56
Treatment for ADHD
Amphetamine Guanfacine Clonidine
57
prostacycline function
58
celecoxib
 high risk of thrombosis, sulfa allergy
59
medication classified as an endothelin receptor antagonist (ERA). It is primarily used to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) by helping to improve exercise capacity and delay the progression of the disease.
Bosentan
60
A 34-year-old woman was at the dentist for an endodontic procedure. Before start ing the procedure, the dentist injected a solution of lidocaine plus epinephrine near the tooth in order to provide local anesthesia. The epinephrine-induced increased duration of the lidocaine effect was most likely mediated by the activation of which of the following adrenoceptors?
a1 Epinephrine is often used together with local anesthetics to prolong the action of the anesthetic. This increased duration is due to the epinephrine-induced vasoconstriction (mediated by α1 receptor activation), which localizes the anesthetic at the desired site, thus slowing down its systemic distribution.
61
Acute gout drugs
NSAIDs(indomethacine), colchicine, glucocorticoids
62
Cronic gout drugs
Allopurinol Febuxostat Probenecid Pegloticase
63
what is difference between aspirin and other NSAIDs
Aspirin - irreversible NSAIDs- riversible ( salicilate is reversible)
64
Colchicine
reduces LTB4 acute gout drug selective inhibitor
65
eucosanoids and their function
leukotrines, prostacyclines, prostaglanadins
66
Histamine receptors and their function
H1- vasoconstriction, edema, smooth muscle contraction H2- gastric acid secretion, cardiac stimulation H3 - Inhibit neurotransmitter release H4- inflamatory
67
Histamine antagonists
H1 antagonist - doxylamine+ pyridoxine for pregnancy nausea; Dyphehydramine for antipsycotropic, first generation antagonists can cause sedation H2 antagonist - Cimetidine
68
Serotonin receptors
5HT1 - Regulate mood and anxiety. 5HT2 - plateletes aggregation, bronchoconstriction, hallucinogen, for obesity 5HT3 - nausea, vomiting 5HT4 - Regulate gastrointestinal motility (stimulate intestinal movement). 5HT5 - influence circadian rhythms and mood. 5HT6 - Modulate learning, memory, and mood. 5HT7 - Regulate circadian rhythms, sleep, and mood.
69
serotonin production
from L tryptophan hydroxylation and decarboxylation we ger serotonin + CO2
70
serotonin antagonists
phenoxibenzamin - blocks 5HT2 treatment for carcinoid syndrome Cyproheptadine - blocks H1 & 5HT2 treatment for carcinoid syndrome ketaserin - blocks 5HT2 treatment for carcinoid syndrome ritaserin - blocks 5HT2 Ondasteron - blocks 5HT3 cancer chemotherapy, vommiting control
71
Histamine production
from histidine enzyme _
72
histamine storage
in mast cells, basophil in CNS inECL cells
73
whats the difference between first generetion histamine antagonists and second generation?
first generation- more sedative second generation longer half- life
74
Histamine action mechanism
IgE dependent hypersenstivity, mast cell degranulation
75
VIP vasoactive intenstinal peptide
helps relax blood vessels but it is more important as aneurotransmitters in the brain& gut
76
77
what is the difference between second order and first order ellimination
Zero order is A constant amount of drug is eliminated per unit time, regardless of the drug concentration. A constant proportion (or percentage) of the drug is eliminated per unit time.
78
serotonin agonists
5HT1 - sumatriptan for migraine & cluster headache 5HT2 - lorcaserin for obesity
79
SSRI
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepresant
80
why do we need upregulation, downregulation and desensitization
Upregulation - increase receptot numbers due to prolonged antagonist exposure downregulation - decrease receptor sensitivity or number due to prolonged agonist exposure tachyphylaxis( desensitization) rapid decrease in response to a drug after reapeted or continuous exposure.
81
Drug metabolism
phase 1 phase 2
82
what are DMARDs (Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs)
are a class of medications used to treat autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by slowing or halting disease progression, reducing inflammation, and preventing joint damage. Methotrexate Sulfasalazine Hydroxychloroquine Leflunomide
83
autocoid drugs
Common autacoids include histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes
84
ergot alkaloids
wet spoiled grainebshi warmoiqmneba st antonys fire haluctinations iwvevs lysergic acid diethylamine(lsd) bromocriptine -hyperprolactinemia,parkinsonism ergotamine-migraine ergonovine -uterine contracton, abortion misscarriage ergotamine da ergonovine postpartum bleeding
85
vasoactive peptides
angiotensin 1 warmoiqmneba angiotensinogenisgan enzyme reninis daxmarebit angiotensin 1 aris inactive da angiotensin 2 ad unda gardavqmnat angiotensin converting enzymet(ace) rom gaaqtiurdes.
86
ace inhibitor
cartopril enalapril,hypertension and heart failure. bradykininis raodenobas zrdis da iwvevs xvelebas.
87
renin inhibitor
aliskiren angiotensinebis levels amcirebda hypertensionistvi gvwirdeba
88
bradykinin
iwvevs edemas vasodilations. bradikinin pereditary angiodemashi viyenebt
89
capsaicin
wiwaka iyo substance p s gamoyofda da mixed vascular effect hqonda gamoviyenebdit arthritic jointshi da postherpatic neuralgia

KK (7 decks)

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