Biochemistry Flashcards
(26 cards)
Where does glycolysis take place?
Cytoplasm
Insulin increases the activity of what enzyme?
Hexokinase - to increase glucose breakdown
Glucagon decreases the activity of what enzyme?
Phosphofructokinase
Increased specific gravity indicates:
dehydration
How do you calculate anion gap?
EC anions minus EC cations = (Na + K) - (Cl + HCO3-)
Normal anion gap range
8-16 (over 16 indicates acidosis)
ATP provides energy to run for:
4 secs
Phosphocreatine provides energy to run for:
15 secs
Glucose provides energy to run for:
4 mins
Glycogen provides energy to run for:
77 mins
Fat provides energy to run for:
3.5 days
When glycogen reaches max storage in liver and muscle, how is further carbohydrate stored?
Adipose
How do you calculate plasma osmolality?
2x(Na+K) + urea + glucose
Normal plasma osmolality
285-295
TZD is contraindicated in:
HF (fluid retention - weight gain)
Only drug that decreases macrovascular complications
Metformin
When should Metformin not be used?
Renal impairment GFR
When should Metformin be stopped?
Peri-operatively or during severe illness
How does glucose enter cells?
GLUT2 then phosphorylated by glucokinase to glucose-6-phosphate
How many ATP generated per glucose?
36 ATP
2 proteins in Katp channel
Kir6.1
SUR1 (SU closes, diazoxide opens)
Structure of insulin receptor
2 EC alpha
2 transmembrane Beta
Insulin binds alpha subunits -> Beta unit autophosphorylation -> ras/MAPK pathway
Leprechaunism
Donohue syndrome
Auto rec
Severe insulin resistance (defects in receptor)
Elfin face, growth retardation
How are ketone bodies formed?
B-oxidation of fatty acids
Forms acetyl CoA
