BioChemistry

Question 1

Tyrosine makes:

Answer 1

dopa/dopamine, noepinephrine/epineprhine
T3/T4 (thyroxin)
Melanin

Question 2

Trytophan makes

Answer 2

5-HT
Melatonin
niacin

Question 3

Glutamate makes

Answer 3

GABA

Question 4

Glycine makes

Answer 4

porphyrin, heme

Creatine (glycine + arginine

Question 5

Histidine makes

Answer 5

histamina

Question 6

You need What cofactor to make dopamine

Answer 6

vitamin C

Question 7

You need what cofactor to make epinephrine?

Answer 7

SAM

Question 8

What is an epimer?

Answer 8

an isomer that differs in only one carbon, one backbone carbon got shifted

Question 9

What is a mirror image called?

Answer 9

An enatiomer

Question 10

How many carbon are in a pyranose and give an example?

Answer 10

5 carbon ring, plus 1 oxygen

Glucose

Question 11

What is an enatiomer of D-glucose?

Answer 11

L-glucose (un-absorbable)

Question 12

Furanose?

Answer 12

4 carbon ring, 1 oxygen, fructose

Question 13

What are three epimers of glucose?

Answer 13

alphaD glucose, mannose and galactose

Question 14

Wha is the anomeric carbon?

Answer 14

a carbon atom that has 4 different ligans

Question 15

What are the three reducing sugars?

Answer 15

glucose, galactose and fructose

Question 16

What is a non-reducing sugar?

Answer 16

sucrose

Question 17

What is maltose made of and what is the bond?

Answer 17

glucose & glucose

alpha 1-4

Question 18

What is lactose made of and what is its bond?

Answer 18

Galactose & glucose

beta 1-4

Question 19

What is sucrose made of and what is its bond?

Answer 19

Glucose & fructose

alpha 1, beta 2

Question 20

What are glycogens bonds?

Answer 20

alpha 1-4, alpha 1-6

Question 21

What are cellulose bonds?

Answer 21

beta 1-4 (Can’t digest)

Question 22

What is the active form of vitamin D?

Answer 22

1,25 - OH (you’ll see col-calciferol)

Question 23

NAD+ is made of which vitamin?

Answer 23

B3 (niacin)

Question 24

CoA is made of which B vitamin?

Answer 24

B5 (pantothenate)

Question 25

Which vitamins are fat solube?

Answer 25

ADEK

Question 26

What does hexose kinase do?

Answer 26

it starts glycolysis by phosphorylating glucose to G6P

Question 27

What is the difference between Hexose Kinase and Glucokinase?

Answer 27

Glucokinase is in the liver, and has a low affinity for glucose but works when glucose in the blood is too high, it works fast (high capacity), it doesn't stop working even when there is G6P. Hexose kinase is in many places, it has a high affinity for glucose but works slowly and is stopped when G6P is too high

Question 28

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 28

cytoplasm

Question 29

When is glycolysis stimulated?

Answer 29

Fed state (just ate) - glucose is in the blood i want it to use it for ATP so insulin will be high to help

Question 30

What is the rate determining enzyme of glycolysis?

Answer 30

PFK-1 our rate determining enzyme - if this step is reach it has to turn to pyruvate

Question 31

What is the difference between PFK1 and PFK2?

Answer 31

PFK2 is our stimulator of PFK1 if I have a bunch of F6P does not make PFK1 work faster so it goes to PFK2 and makes F26bisphosphate which can now stimulate PFK1 PFK2 gets upreg if you've just eaten a lot PFK1 works on its own but PFK2 upregulates it ATP shuts it down because you don't need more energy AMP, ADP are the energy starved molecules and promoted the creation or pyruvate high citrate (krebs cycle) - don't need more energy and high alanine don't need more energy because i'm already on my way

Question 32

What is gluconeogenesis and when does it occur?

Answer 32

our process of creating glucose into the blood Fasting state reverse of glycolysis

Question 33

In glycolysis you have PFK1 turning F6P into F1,6bis, what enzyme do you have in gluconeogenesis?

Answer 33

F 1-6 bisphosphatase

Question 34

To reverse pyruvate you need?

Answer 34

pyruvate carboxylase, (to make oxaloacetate) PEP carboxykinase (to make phosphenolpyruvate)

Question 35

Where does glycogenesis occur?

Answer 35

Cytoplasm

Question 36

What bonds connect UDP-glucose molecules? Branches?

Answer 36

alpha 1,4 for UDP | alpha 1, 6 for branch points

Question 37

What molecule is produced when glycogen is degarded (glycogenolysis)?

Answer 37

you get glucose 1

Question 38

What is Pompe disease?

Answer 38

s a disease of glycogen storage is type 2 glycogen were you have a lack of alpha 1,4 glucokadase so you can't break down glucose 1 phosphidase

Question 39

GLUT2 is used by

Answer 39

glucose and fructose in a fed state where insulin is high

Question 40

Glucose can leave the cell once it has become...

Answer 40

G6P

Question 41

When can fructose leave the cell?

Answer 41

never

Question 42

Fructose has an alpha 1 beta 2 bond and makes:

Answer 42

pyruvate and then fatty acids or ATP (you can get fatty liver

Question 43

Where is insulin released from?

Answer 43

in the fed state from pancreas beta cells

Question 44

Where is glucagon released from?

Answer 44

Pancreatic alpha cells

Question 45

Pyruvate becomes what in an aneraobic environment?

Answer 45

lactic acid, then acetyl cOA and then citric acid cycle and then electron transport chain