Hematology

Question 1

Common clotting pathway starts at

Answer 1

factor 10

Question 2

extrinsic is cause by

Answer 2

trauma

Question 3

factor 10 uses ___ to make _____

Answer 3

prothrombin

thrombin

Question 4

Thrombin changes ____ to _____

Answer 4

fibrinogen to fibrin

Question 5

Protein __ & ___ need vitamin ___

Answer 5

C & S need K

Question 6

Vitamin is involved with which factors

Answer 6

2, 7, 9, 10

Question 7

What factors are in the intrinsic pathway?

Answer 7

12, 11, 9, 8

Question 8

what factors are in the extrinsic pathway

Answer 8

7

Question 9

What factors are in the common pathway?

Answer 9

5, 2(prothrombin & thrombin), 1 (fibrinogen & fibrin), 13, Protein C, S

Question 10

Partial prothrombin time

Answer 10

intrinsic + common, 12, 11, 9, 8, 10

Question 11

Prothrombin time

Answer 11

extrinsic + common, 7 & 10

Question 12

Bleeding time measures

Answer 12

platelet function

Question 13

TT measures

Answer 13

common pathway

Question 14

Lifespan of RBC?

Answer 14

120 days

Question 15

RBC come from

Answer 15

common myeloid progenitor which came from hemocytoblast

Question 16

To mature a RBC we need

Answer 16

B9, B12

Question 17

RBC is made in the

Answer 17

bone marrow, leaves when its a reticulocyte

Question 18

Heme has how many alpha chains?

Answer 18

2

Question 19

each iron hold onto __ oxygen, making __ in total for each heme

Answer 19

1, 4

Question 20

Iron is absorbed in the

Answer 20

duodenum

Question 21

folate is absorbed in the

Answer 21

jejenum

Question 22

B12 is absorbed in the

Answer 22

Ileum

Question 23

hepcidin

Answer 23

regulates iron, increases iron when needed, during infection it inhibits iron absorption from food

Question 24

Hepcidin is induced by

Answer 24

IL-6 and LPS (infection & inflammation)

Question 25

Hepdicin is inhibited

Answer 25

EPO

Question 26

EPO is released by

Answer 26

the kidneys because they can detect how much oxygen is in the blood

Question 27

Anemia means

Answer 27

low O2 carrying capacity, not low O2

Question 28

Types of hereditary hemolytic anemias:

Answer 28

``` pyruvate kinase deficiency G6PD deficiency abnormal membraine (spherocytosis) Abnormal heme ( alhpa & beta thalassemia), sickle cell anemia ```

Question 29

Types of acquired hemolytic anemias:

Answer 29

alloimmune, drug induced, autoimmune

Question 30

Spherocytosis key features:

Answer 30

autosomal dominant defective spectrin splenomegaly

Question 31

G6PD deficiency

Answer 31

viral infection, fave beans, sulfa drugs, quinin | heinz bodies

Question 32

Sickel cell

Answer 32

hypoxia, dehydration, acidosis, vaso-occlusive, aplastic crisis, splenomegaly

Question 33

alpha thalassemia

Answer 33

HbH beta 4, south east asia hydrochromic cells, target cells hydrops fetalis hard time passing through the spleen

Question 34

beta thalassemia

Answer 34

HbA, HbF mediterranean & US, hypochromic cells, target cells hard time passing through the spleen

Question 35

Glutathione is

Answer 35

powerful antioxidant that takes hydrogen peroxide and makes water uses NADPH

Question 36

G6PD is needed

Answer 36

to help RBC makes NADPH which is needed by glutathione to reduce hydrogen peroxidse and reuse glutathione

Question 37

Heinz bodies are

Answer 37

denature globin chains that are stuck to the inside of the RBC because the globin & heme bond was attacked

Question 38

Bite cells are

Answer 38

heinz bodies that were bitten by the macrophages in the spleen to get the bodies out

Question 39

bilirubin in the liver gets

Answer 39

changed from unconjugated to conjugated

Question 40

Conjugated bilirubin travels from the liver

Answer 40

to the gallbladder, mixes with bile and enters the SI

Question 41

urobilinogen is made

Answer 41

in the Si and goes to the kidney

Question 42

Spleen macrophage takes heme and makes

Answer 42

unconjugated bilirubin

Question 43

ALL Leukemia

Answer 43

Children fever, petechiae, eccymoses, CNS infiltrate good prognosis Lymphoblasts

Question 44

AML leukemia

Answer 44

any age fever, petechiae, ecchymoses, lymphadenopathy (splenomegaly) depending on type Auer robs in myeloblasts

Question 45

CML leukemia

Answer 45

young adults fever, night sweats, splenomegaly ``` poor Philidelphia chromosome (better prognosis if present) this gene encodes a protein with high tyrosine kinase activity ```

Question 46

CLL leukemia

Answer 46

elderly insidious, few symptoms, low Ig levels, infections Fair lymphocytes predominate

Question 47

Hairy cell leukemia

Answer 47

hepatosplenomegaly poor pancytopenia TRAP

Question 48

Non-pitting edema

Answer 48

Lymphatic obstruction - keeps the proteins in the interstitium and retains water -usually CHF, followed by renal complications

Question 49

Pitting edema

Answer 49

increased in hydrostatic pressure or decreased oncotic protein pressure There is no protein in the interstitial to retain fluid venous insufficiency