Biochemistry

Question 1

Gout is estimated to effect __% of the U.S. population.

Answer 1

Gout is estimated to effect 4% of the U.S. population.

Question 2

Gout

Answer 2

The buildup and accumulation of uric acid. Uric acid is a breakdown product of nucleotides. In gout, uric acid forms crystals which induce inflammation and arthritis.

Acute gout attacks cause intense pain and may be debilitating.

Question 3

What reaction is coupled to polypeptide elongation at the ribosome in order to supply the energy for protein synthesis?

Answer 3

GTP hydrolysis

Question 4

Delta G of ATP hydrolysis

Answer 4

-31 kJ/mol

Question 5

Each pyruvate entering the TCA cycle yields . . .

Answer 5

4 NADH

1 FADH₂

1 GTP

Question 6

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 6

Question 7

Complex 2

Answer 7

Question 8

Cyanide is a. . .

Answer 8

competitive inhibitor of ETC Complex 4.

It competes for the oxygen binding site, preventing oxygen from acting as the terminal electron acceptor.

Question 9

Lactic acid fermentation

Answer 9

Question 10

Lactic acid fermentation is utilized primarily in. . .

Answer 10

muscle cells during exercise

erythrocytes, which lack mitochondria

Question 11

Spot Glucose

Answer 11

A blood test to measure the level of glucose in the blood at the time of the test. For individuals who do not have diabetes, glucose levels 12 hours after the last meal (fasting) should be less than 100 mg/dL.

Question 12

Bypass reactions

Answer 12

Reactions that are irreversible in cells often have bypass reactions that enable cells to recover some of the reactants of the forward reaction. Bypass reactions often require an investment of energy, such as the energy stored in ATP. Required for reversing the most exergonic reactions.

Question 13

Futile Cycle

Answer 13

If the enzymes catalyzing an irreversible reaction and its bypass reaction are active at the same time in the same cells, the net result is just a waste of energy; this is called a futile cycle. Enzymes catalyzing such opposing reactions must be tightly regulated to prevent futile metabolic cycles.

Question 14

Acetyl-CoA cannot. . .

Answer 14

Be recovered for carbon backbones. Consequently, carbons from lipids may not be used for gluconeogenesis, only to harness energy.

Question 15

Diet and energy map

Answer 15

Question 16

____________ is typically used as a way to transport energy between tissues in times where cells need to generate ATP, because its energy can be extracted more quickly than the energy from ____________.

Answer 16

glucose is typically used as a way to transport energy between tissues in times where cells need to generate ATP, because its energy can be extracted more quickly than the energy from fatty acids.

Question 17

Three P’s

Answer 17

Polyuria

Polydipsia

Polyphagia

Question 18

DKA

Answer 18

an acronym for diabetic ketoacidosis, a potentially life-threatening complication of diabetes in which the liver produces large quantities of ketone bodies.

Question 19

Encephalopathic

Answer 19

a general term for signs and symptoms caused by brain dysfunction. In this case, the patient is referring to confusion brought on by prolonged ketoacidosis.

Question 20

When you hear nausea and high blood glucose, think

Answer 20

diabetic ketoacidosis