Immunology

Question 1

Primary lymphoid organs

Answer 1

bone marrow and thymus

Question 2

Monocytes only exist in . . .

Answer 2

the blood.

When they move into tissues, they differentiate into macrophages.

Question 3

Most common sentinel cells

Answer 3

Dendritic Cell

Mast Cell

Tissue-resident Macrophage

Question 4

E selectin is expressed on ___ and binds to ____ on ____.

Answer 4

E selectin is expressed on endothelial cells and binds to E selectin ligand on circulating leukocytes.

Question 5

LFA-1 is expressed on ___ and binds to ____ on ____.

Answer 5

LFA-1 is expressed on circulating leukocytes and binds to ICAM-1 on endothelial cells.

(LFA-1 is an integrin)

Question 6

Psoriasis

Answer 6

Psoriasis is a common inflammatory disease that affects the skin. Most patients with psoriasis develop plaques, which are scaly, raised, red or white areas on the skin.

Some individuals with psoriasis develop pustules (small blisters filled with pus) on their skin. Psoriasis can also cause arthritis.

Question 7

Dactylitis

Answer 7

Inflammation of an entire digit (a finger or a toe), also referred to as ‘sausage digit’.

Question 8

Enthesitis

Answer 8

Inflammation of the site where a tendon or ligament inserts into a bone.

Question 9

Intertriginous

Answer 9

Referring to areas where skin rubs together, such as under the armpits and in the groin.

Question 10

Antihistamines are perscribed for psoriasis to treat ____.

Answer 10

itch.

Question 11

Efalizumab

Answer 11

monoclonal anti-LFA-1

A treatment for psoriasis

Question 12

Plasmacytoid dendritic cell

Answer 12

A sentinel cell that detects viruses and releases type I interferons.

Question 13

Flagellin is present in _____ bacteria.

Answer 13

Flagellin is present in gram positive AND gram negative bacteria.

Question 14

LPS is present in ____ bacteria.

Answer 14

LPS is present in gram negative bacteria.

Question 15

Peptidoglycan is present in ____ bacteria.

Answer 15

Peptidoglycan is present in gram positive bacteria.

Question 16

Teichoic acid is present in ____ bacteria.

Answer 16

Teichoic acid is present in gram positive bacteria.

Question 17

All complement pathways converge on. . .

Answer 17

Cleavage of C3 into C3a and C3b.

Question 18

Which components of activated complement can induce inflammation?

Answer 18

C3a and C5a.

Question 19

What is the function of C3b?

Answer 19

To cleave C5 into C5a and C5b

Question 20

What is the function of C5b?

Answer 20

To recruit C6, C7, C8, and C9 to form the Membrane Attack Complex.

Question 21

Agglutinins

Answer 21

A substance in the blood that causes particles to coagulate and aggregate.

May be an antibody, a soluble lectin, or a similar molecule.

Question 22

What is the function of C8?

Answer 22

C8 inserts itself into the target cell membrane and enables the final recruitment of C9’s to form the MAC.

Question 23

When pentameric IgM binds an antigen . . .

Answer 23

It ‘puckers’, reavealing the Fc regions of the pentameric IgM in order to bind Igμ receptors.

Question 24

Alternative Complement Activation

Answer 24

Spontaneous

Question 25

Classical Complement Activation

Answer 25

Antibody-mediated

Question 26

Lectin-dependent Complement Activation

Answer 26

Agglutinin/Lection-dependent ex. **Mannose-binding lectin**

Question 27

Common Complement Pathway

Answer 27

All Complement activation steps converge on the Common pathway at the generation of a **C5 Convertase** (usually C3b) and downstream cleavage of C5.

Question 28

Role of C1q

Answer 28

C1q binds to the Fc region of antibodies and recruits complement.

Question 29

Three major roles of complement

Answer 29

1. Lysis 2. Inflammation 3. Opsonization

Question 30

Lectins bind \_\_\_.

Answer 30

sugars expressed by microbes

Question 31

TLRS in endosomes activate \_\_\_\_.

Answer 31

An antiviral response (usually upregulation of Type 1 IFNs)

Question 32

Alanine Transferase

Answer 32

Routinely measured in blood tests; because ALT is released during liver damage, high ALT levels may indicate liver inflammation or damage. However, elevated ALT tests alone are not sufficient to establish that an individual has liver injury.

Question 33

PEGylated interferon

Answer 33

Interferon attached to a large molecule called polyethylene glycol (PEG). Also known as peginterferon. Attaching drugs to PEG can prolong the time they stay in the body before they are broken down (metabolized) and/or excreted.

Question 34

Ribavirin

Answer 34

A broadly-acting antiviral **prodrug.** The active form is a guanosine analog and nucleoside inhibitor. May be incorporated into RNA in place of either purine and pairs equally well with uracil and cytosine, causing mutations in viral replication. The active form of ribavirin also inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, inhitibing GTP synthesis. This mechanism also effects the replication of DNA viruses.

Question 35

Chief complaint for individuals infected by hepatitis C virus

Answer 35

Fatigue

Question 36

Malaise

Answer 36

A general feeling of a lack of well-being, discomfort, or illness.

Question 37

Jaundice

Answer 37

A yellowing of the skin, eyes, or mucus membranes due to increased amount of bilirubin in the blood, which can be a sign of liver damage or other conditions.