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Kaplan MCAT Quick Sheets > BioChemistry > Flashcards

BioChemistry Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

What are the structural proteins

A 
Collagen
Elastin
Keratin
Actin
Tubulin
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2
Q

Motor Proteins

A

Capable of force generation through a conformational change. Include myosin, kinesin, and dyenin

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3
Q

Binding Proteins

A

Bind a specific substrate, either to sequester it in the body or hold its concentration at a steady state

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4
Q

Cell Adhesion Molecules

A

Binds cells to other cells or surfaces.

Include cadherins, integrins, and selectins

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5
Q

Antibodies

A

Target a specific antigen (may be a protein on surface of a pathogen or toxin)

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6
Q

Enzyme linked receptors

A

Participate in cell signaling through extracellular ligand bonding and initiation of second messenger cascades

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7
Q

G protein-coupled receptors

A

Have a membrane bound protein associated with a trimeric G protein. Also initiate second messenger systems

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8
Q

Trioses

A

3 carbon sugar

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9
Q

Tetroses

A

4 carbon sugars

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10
Q

Aldoses

A

Sugars with aldehydes as their most oxidized group

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11
Q

Ketoses

A

Sugars with ketones as their most oxidized group

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12
Q

D-Sugars

A

Sugars with the highest numbered chiral carbon with the -OH group on the right

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13
Q

L-Sugars

A

Sugars with the highest numbered chiral carbon with the -OH group on the left

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14
Q

Enantiomers

A

D and L forms of the same sugar

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15
Q

Diastereomers

A

Differ at at least one but not all chiral carbons

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16
Q

Epimers

A

Differ at exactly one chiral carbon

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17
Q

Anomers

A

A subtype of epimers that differ at the anomeric carbon

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18
Q

Anomeric Carbon

A

The new chiral center formed in ring closure; the carbon containing the carbonyl in the straight chain form

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19
Q

Alpha Anomers

A

Have the -OH on the anomeric carbon trans to the free CH2OH group

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20
Q

Beta Anomers

A

Have the -OH on the anomeric carbons cis to the free CH2OH group

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21
Q

Glycoside formation

A

Basis for building complex carbohydrates and requires the anomeric carbon to link to another sugar

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22
Q

Deoxy sugars

A

Sugars with an -H replacing an -OH group

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23
Q

Cellulose

A

Main structural component of plant cell walls, main source of fiber in human diet

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24
Q

Starches

A

Main energy storage forms for plants

amylose and amylopectin

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25
Glycogen
Major energy storage form for animals
26
Nucleotides
Contain 5 carbon sugar bonded to nitrogenous base
27
Nucleotides in DNA
Contain deoxyribose
28
Nucleotides in RNA
Contain ribose
29
Types of nucleotides (5)
``` Adenine (A) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Thymine (T) Uracil (U) ```
30
Watson Crick Model
DNA backbone is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups Read 5' to 3'
31
Watson Crick Model
Two strands with antiparallel polarity, wound into double helix Purines pair with pyrimidines
32
Purines
A and G
33
Pyrimidines
U, T, C
34
Chargaff's Rules
Purines and Pyrimidines are equal in number in a DNA molecule. A=T G=C
35
DNA Replication | Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes (Nuclei)
``` Prokaryotic Cells: One per chromosome Helicase Single stranded DNA binding protein Primase DNA polymerase 3 DNA polymerase 1 (replacement of RNA with DNA) DNA Ligase (joining of okazaki fragments) DNA topoisomerases ``` ``` Eukaryotic Cells: Multiple per chromasome Helicase Single stranded DNA binding protein Primase DNA polymerase RNase DNA polymerase DNA ligase DNA topoisomerase Telomerase ```
36
DNA polymerase
Synthesizes new DNA strands, reading the template DNA 3' to 5' and synthesizing the strand to 5' to 3'
37
Leading Strand
Requires only one primer and can the be synthesized continuously
38
Lagging Strand
Requires many primers and is synthesized in discrete fragments called okazaki fragments
39
Recombinant DNA
DNA composed of nucleotides from 2 different sources
40
DNA Cloning
Introduces a fragment of DNA into vector plasmid. A restriction enzyme cuts both the plasmid and fragment leaving both with sticky ends which can bind
41
Hybridization
Joining of complementary base pair sequences
42
Polymer Chain Reaction (PCR)
An automated process by which millions of copies of DNA sequence can be created from a very small sample by hybridization
43
Southern blotting
Can be used to detect the presence and quantity of various DNA strands in a sample
44
Central Dogma
DNA>RNA>Proteins
45
Initiation Code
AUG
46
Termination Codes
UAA, UGA, UAG
47
Redundancy and Wobble
Allow mutations to occur without affecting the protein
48
Silent Mutations
No effect on protein synthesis
49
Nonsense Mutations
Produce a premature stop codon
50
Missense Mutations
Produce a codon that codes for a different amino acid
51
Frameshift Mutations
Result from nucleotide addition or deletion and change the reading frame of subsequent codons
52
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Carries the message from DNA in nucleus via transcription of the gene, travels into cytoplasm to be translated
53
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Brings in amino acids; recognizes the codon on the mRNA using its anticodon
54
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Makes up much of the ribosome, enzymatically active
55
Steps of Transcription
1) Helicase and topoisomerase unwind DNA double helix 2) RNA polymerase 2 binds to TATA box within promoter region of a gene 3) HnRNA synthesized from DNA template (antisense) strand
56
Post-transcriptional Modifications
1) 7-methylguanylate triphospahe cap added to 5' end 2) Polyadenosyl (poly-A) tail added to 3' end 3) Splicing done by spliceosome; introns removed exons ligated together
57
Translation
Occurs at ribosome 3 stages: initiation, elongation, termination
58
Post-translational Modifications
Folding by chaperones Formation of quaternary structure Cleavage of proteins or signal sequences Covalent addition of other biomolecules
59
Operons
Inducible or repressible clusters of genes transcribed as a single mRNA
60
Transcription Factors
Search for promoter and enhancer regions in the DNA
61
Promoters
Within 25 base pairs of the transcription start site
62
Enhancers
More than 25 base pairs away from transcription start site
63
Osmotic Pressure
The pressure applied to a pure solvent to prevent osmosis and is related to concentration of the solution
64
Osmotic Pressure equation
II=iMRT
65
Passive Transport
Does not require ATP bc molecule is moving down concentration gradient. Or from area of higher concentration to lower concentration
66
Types of Passive Transport
Osmosis Simple Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion
67
Simple Diffusion
Does not require transporter Small nonpolar molecules move from an area of high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is reached
68
Osmosis
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
69
Facilitated Diffusion
Uses transport proteins to move impermeable solutes across the cell membrane
70
Active Transport
Requires energy (ATP) or existing favorable ion gradient
71
Endocytosis & Exocytosis
Methods of engulfing material into cells or releasing material to the exterior of cells. Both via cell membrane
72
Pinocytosis
The ingestion of liquid into the cell from vesicles and formed from the cell membrane
73
Phagocytosis
Ingestion of solid material
74
Glycolysis
Occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells Doesn't require oxygen Yields 2 ATP per glucose
75
Glucokinase
Important enzyme of glycolysis Present in pancreatic Beta-islet cells as part of the glucose sensor and is responsive to insulin in the liver
76
Hexokinase
Important enzyme of glycolysis Traps glucose
77
Phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK-1)
PFK-1 Rate limiting step
78
Phosphofructokinase 2 (PFK-2)
Produces F2, 6-BP, which activates PFK-1
79
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Produces NADH
80
3-phosphoglycerate Kinase and Pyruvate Kinase
Perform substrate level phosphorylation
81
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
Converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA | Stimulated by insulin and inhibited y acetyl-CoA
82
Citric Acid Cycle AKA krebs Cycle
Takes place in mitochondrial matrix | Purpose to oxidize acetyl-CoA to CO2 and generate high energy electron carriers (NADH & FADH2) and GTP
83
Krebs Cycle nmemonic
Citrate is krebs special substrate for making oxaloacetate ``` Citrate Iscitrate Alpha Ketoglutarate succinyl-CoA succinate Fumarate malate oxaloacetate ```

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