1
Q
Neurons in the Nervous system (3 types)
A
Motor Neurons (efferent) Interneurons Sensory Neurons (afferent)
2
Q
Parasympathetic System
A
Part of the autonomic system
Rest and Digest
3
Q
Sympathetic nervous system
A
Part of the autonomic system
Fight or flight
4
Q
“Symptoms” of Parasympathetic nervous system
A
Constricted pupils Stimulation of saliva flow Heartbeat slows Stimulates peristalsis and secretion Contracts bladder Stimulates bile release
5
Q
“Symptoms” of Sympathetic Nervous System
A
Dilates pupils Inhibits salivation Relaxes bronchi Accelerates heartbeat Sweating Inhibits bladder contraction
6
Q
Organization of the Brain
A
Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain
7
Q
Hindbrain
A
Contains cerebellum, cerebrum, medulla oblongata, and reticular formation
8
Q
Midbrain
A
Contains inferior and superior colliculi
9
Q
Forebrain
A
Contains thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, and cerebral cortex
10
Q
Thalamus
A
relay station for sensory info
11
Q
Hypothalamus
A
Maintains homeostasis
Integrates the endocrine system
12
Q
Basal Ganglia
A
Smoothens movements and helps maintain postural stability
13
Q
Limbic System
A
Controls emotion and memory.
Includes septal nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, and fornix
14
Q
Septal nuclei
A
Pleasure seeking
15
Q
Amygdala
A
Fear and aggression
16
Q
Hippocampus
A
Memory
17
Q
Fornix
A
Communication with limbic system
18
Q
Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
A
Frontal
Temporal
Occipital
Parietal
19
Q
Frontal
A
Executive function, impulse control, long term planning, motor function, speech production (brocas area)
20
Q
Parietal
A
Sensation of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain
Spatial processing, orientation, and manipulation
21
Q
Occipital
A
Visual Processing
22
Q
Temporal
A
Sound processing
Speech perception (wernickes area)
Memory
Emotion
23
Q
Influences on Behavior
A
Acetylcholine Epinephrine Norepinephrine Dopamine Serotonin GABA Glycine Glutamate Endorphins
24
Q
Acetylcholine
A
Voluntary muscle control
Parasympathetic nervous system
Attention
Alertness
25
Epinephrine &
| Norepinephrine
Fight or flight responses
Wakefulness
Alertness
26
Dopamine
Smooth movements
| Postural stability
27
Serotonin
Mood
Sleep
Eating
Dreaming
28
GABA, Glycine
Brain Stabilization
29
Glutamate
Brain Excitation
30
Endorphins
Natural pain killers
31
Nature vs. Nurture
Debate regarding the contributions of genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) to an individuals traits
32
Sensation vs. Perception
Sensation: Conversion of physical stimuli into neurological signals
Perception: Processing of sensory info to make sense of its significance.
33
Sensory Receptors
Respond to stimuli and trigger electrical signals
34
Threshold
The minimum stimulus that causes a change in signal transduction
35
Weber's Law
The just noticeable difference for a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus, and the proportion is constant
36
Response Bias
Examined using signal detection
| Experiments with 4 possible outcomes: Hits, misses, false alarms, correct negatives
37
Adaptations
A decrease in response to a stimulus overtime
38
Visual Pathway
retina>optic nerve>optic chiasm>optic tracts>lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus>visual radiations>visual cortex
39
Parts of the ear
Cochlea
Utricle and saccule
Semicircular canals
40
Cochlea
Detects sound
41
Utricle and Saccule
Detect linear acceleration
42
Semicircular canals
Detect rotational acceleration
43
Auditory Pathways
cochlea>vestibulocochlear nerve>medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus> auditory cortex
44
Bottom up processing
Data driven
Recognition of objects by parallel processing and feature detection
Slower but less prone to mistakes
45
Top down processing
Conceptual Driven
Recognition of an object by memories and expectations with little attention to detail
Faster, more prone to mistakes
46
Gestalt Principles
Ways the brain can infer missing parts of an image when it is incomplete
47
Habituation
The process of becoming used to a stimulus
48
Dishabituation
Occurs when a second stimulus intervenes, causing resensitization to the original stimulus
49
Observational Learning
The acquisition of behavior by watching others
50
Associative Learning
Pairing together stimuli and responses, or behaviors and consequences
51
Positive Reinforcement
When a stimulus is added and the behavior continues
52
Negative Reinforcement
When a stimulus is removed and the behavior continues
53
Positive Punishment
When a stimulus is added and the behavior stops
54
Negative Punishment
When a stimulus is removed and the behavior stops
55
Conscious Altering Drugs
```
Depressants
Stimulants
Opiates/Opioids
Hallucinogens
Marijuana
```
56
Depressants
Sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety
57
Stimulants
Increased arousal
58
Opiates/Opioids
Decreased reaction to pain; euphoria
59
Hallucinogens
Distortions of reality and fantasy; introspection
60
Marijuana
Has some features of depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens (in large doses)
61
Encoding
The process of putting new information into memory
62
Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor Stage
Preoperational stage
Concrete Operational Stage
Formal operational stage
63
Sensorimotor Stage
Focuses on manipulating the environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions; object permanence ends this stage
64
Preoperational Stage
Focuses on symbolic thinking, egocentrism and centration
65
Egocentrism
Inability to imagine what another person thinks or feels
66
Centration
Focusing on only one aspect of a phenomenon
67
Concrete operational stage
Focusing on understanding the feelings of others and manipulating physical (concrete objects)
68
Formal Operational Stage
Focuses on abstract thought and problem solving
69
Selective Attention
Allows one to pay attention to a particular stimulus while determining if additional stimuli require attention in the background
70
Divided Attention
Uses automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at one time
71
Wernicke's area
Language comprehension
72
Broca's Area
Motor function of speech
73
Arcuate Fasciculus
Connects Wenicke's and Broca's areas
74
Motivation
The purpose or driving force behind our actions
75
Extrinsic Motivation
Based on external circumstances
76
Intrinsic Motivation
Based on internal drive or perception
77
Instinct Motivation theory
Innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli
78
Arousal Motivation Theory
The state of being awake and reactive to stimuli. Aim for an optimal level of arousal for a given task (Yerkes-Dodson law)
79
Drive Reduction Motivation Theory
Individuals act to relieve internal states of tension
80
Maslow's Hierarchy of needs
Prioritizes needs into five categories: Physiological needs (highest priority), safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization (lowest priority)
81
Seven universal emotions
```
Happiness
Sadness
Contempt
Surprise
Fear
Disgust
Anger
```
82
Theories of Emotion (3)
James-Lange
Cannon-Bard
Schachter-Singer
83
James-Lange Theory
Responses to Stimulus
First Response: Nervous System Arousal
Second Response: Conscious Emotion
84
Cannon-bard
Nervous System arousal and conscious emotion
Action
85
Schachter-Singer
Nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal
Conscious Emotion
86
Stress
The physiological and cognitive response to challenges or life changes
87
Primary appraisal
Classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive or stressful
88
Secondary Appraisal
Directed at evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress based on harm, threat, and challenge
89
Stressor
Anything that leads to a stress response
90
Three stages of general adaptation syndrome
Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion
91
Self Concept
Sum of ways in which we describe ourselves past present and future
92
Identities
Individual components of our self-concept, related to the groups which we belong
93
Self Esteem
Our evaluation of ourselves
94
Self efficacy
The degree to which we see ourselves as being capable of a given skill in a given situation
95
Locus of Control
A self evaluation that refers to the way we characterize the influences in our lives
96
Schizophrenia
Psychotic disorder characterized by distortions of reality and disturbances in content and form of thought, perception, and behavior
97
Major Depressive order
Contains at least one major depressive episode
98
Persistent depressive order
A depressed mood for at least 2 years
99
Seasonal Affective Disorder
The colloquial name for major depressive disorder with seasonal onset, with depression occurring during winter months
100
Bipolar 1 disorder
Contains at least one manic episode
101
Bipolar 2 disorder
Contains at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode
102
Cyclothymic Disorder
Contains hypomanic episodes with dysthymia
103
Generalized anxiety disorder
Constant disproportionate and persistent worry
104
Specific phobias
Irrational fears of specific objects
105
Social Anxiety disorder
Anxiety due to social or performance situations
106
Agoraphobia
Fear of places or situations where it is hard for an individual to escape
107
Panic Disorder
Recurrent attacks of intense overwhelming fear and sympathetic nervous system activity with no clear stimulus. Can lead to agoraphobia
108
Dissociative amnesia
Inability to recall past experience
109
Dissociative Fugue
A sudden change in location that can involve the assumption of new identity
110
Dissociative identity Disorder
Two or more personalities that take control of behavior
111
Depersonalization/derealization disorder
Feelings of detachment from the mind and body or from the environment
112
Social Facilitation
Tendency to perform at a different level of (better or worse) when others are around
113
Deindividualization
Loss of self awareness in large groups, can lead to drastic effects in behavior
114
Bystander effect
in a group, people are less likely to respond to a person in need
115
Peer pressure
Social influence placed on an individual by other individuals they consider
116
Group polarization
Tendency towards making decisions in a group that are more extreme than the thoughts of the individual group members
117
Groupthink
Tendency to make decisions based on ideas and solutions that arise within the group without considering outside ideas
118
Assimilation
One culture begins to melt into another
119
Multiculturalism
Encouragement of multiple cultures within a community to enhance diversity
120
Subculture
A group that distinguishes itself from the primary culture to which it belongs
121
Socialization
The process of developing and spreading norms, customs and beliefs
122
Norms
Boundaries of acceptable behavior within society
123
Stigma
Extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences
124
Deviance
Any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society
125
Conformity
Changing beliefs or behaviors in order to fit into a group or society
126
Compliance
Individuals change behavior based on the request of others
127
Obedience
Change in behavior based on a command from someone seen as an authority figure
