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biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

what causes AIDS

A

HIV retro virus 1985
enveloped virus
sperical

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2
Q

who attacks the cell bacterim E coli

A

virus bacteriophage ( it has tail fibers)

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3
Q

what happens during the course of evolution

A

they are modified from the basic pattern to serve a particular n highly specialized function due to its adaption tp different envio / habi common ancestor n same gene controlled it

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3
Q

homologous parts

A

flipper foelinb eingarm

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3
Q

how is biochenistry used to classify

A

chemical constitution
chromatography and electrophoresis
to compare the amino acid sequence in bacteria

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4
Q

What is homology

A

The muscles n the bones are very alike
Built on the same pattern
their internal structure is very similar

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5
Q

how are species classfied

A

biochemical ecological and life cycle features are included with other physical characteristics

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6
Q

system of classiification

A

kingdom
division/phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

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7
Q

classification of wheat

A

K-plantae
D-tracheophyta
C-monocotyledonae
O-poales
F-poaceae
G-triticum
S- Triticum indicum

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8
Q

classification of house fly

A

K-animalia
P-arthopodo
C-insecta
O-diptera
F-muscidae
G-musca
S- Musca domestica

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9
Q

how is species named

A

genus specific name

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10
Q

name a unicellular hetertroph

A

protozoa

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11
Q

do bacteria and fungi have cell walls

A

yes so they were placed in the two plant kingdom

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12
Q

what was the problem with euglena for the two kingdom system

A

euglena had two modes of eating hetertorphs and autroyrophs (chloropyl)
so thye could hop from one t anotehr

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13
Q

how are fungi different from green plants

A

they lack chlorophyl
they feed heterotrophically by an absorption method
theyre cellular structure differ from hat of green plants

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14
Q

what is another name for cyanobacteria

A

blue-green algae

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15
Q

what is the strucutre of bacteria n cyanobaceria

A

prokaryotic structure
Cyanobacteria occur as unicellular, colonial or mul- ticellular filamentous forms.

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16
Q

who purposed the 5 kingdom system
what year

A

1969
american biologist Robert H. Whittaker

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17
Q

what was the 1969 5 kingdom based on

A

the level of organistation
the mode of nutrition

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18
Q

what were the level of organsition in 1969 5 kingdom

A

prokaryotics
unicellular eukaryotics
and multicellular eukaryotes

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19
Q

what were the methods of nutritins in 1969

A

heterotrophic- ingestive and absorptio
autotrophics- photosynthsising

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20
Q

what were the 1969 5 kingdoms

A

kindom monera
kingdom protista
kingdom fungi
kingdom plantae
kingdom animialia

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21
Q

What was kingdom monera in 1969

A

Unicellilan prokaryotes mot feed bay variety ot methods

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22
Q

What was kingdom Protista

A

Nice lender enkayobies which reed by number ot memos

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23
What was Kingdom fungi?
Multicellular non-chlovophyllous eu karyotes which feeds heterotrophically by absorption. cell wall is always present
24
What is Kingdom plantar )?
Mulhicelluar chlorophyll's eukaryotes that feed by photosynmesis cell well is always present
25
What is Kingdom animal?
Multicellular eukaryotes that feed hetrotrophically by ingestion They have neither chlorophyll nor cell wall
26
what was the problem with the 1969 5 kingdom system
the algae unicellular algae was placed in the kingdom protist while the multicellular algae was placed in the Kingdom plantae the problem was - algae didnt have much esemblncse with the plants
27
how was the problem with the 1969 solved 5 kingdom which two scientist helped?
two american bioloist L. Margulis and K. Schwartz came up with kingdom Protoctist (ragbag) which included both unicellular and multicellular algae
28
what does a virus consists of
a virus consists simply of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat it can only reprouduce and survie inside a host cell
29
what were the new 5 kingdoms with their organisms
kingdom monera - prokaryotes cynobacteria and bacteria kingdom protoctist - all unicellular eukarotic along with multicellualr alge and primitive fungi the RAGBAG euglena, paramecium, plasmodium and chlamydomonas kingdom fungi - non chlorophyllus absorptive method, multicellular, chitinous cell wall and cocnocytic body eg. Agaricus mushroom yeast kingdom plantae -
30
virus
it is from latin word venom meaning poison alos found in the development of cancer
31
# prompt what is mycelium | clarifier ## Footnote footnote
cocnocytic body of fungi
32
what effect did the TMV have on plants?
the caused the leaf to become wrinkled and mottled
32
who discovered virus and when?
in 1892 russian biologist Ivanowsky
33
why was 1935 importnt for viruses
electron microscope 10^6 millimicron
34
who crystallized the first virus
Wendell stanley TMV
35
size of viruses
20-250 nm
36
what is genome
sets of gene genomes may consists of single or several molecules of DNA or RNA smallest have onyl 4 genes
37
how are the adhesion properties of viruses determined?
by those of the proteins that make up their coats and envelops
38
how does HIV penetrate and what does it cause?
it possesses a glycoprotein on its surface that penetrates the cell membrane sheds it's protective coat and reproduce AIDS
39
what all do viruses may contain?
viruses may consists of Viral-Genomes, Capsids, Envelops and Tail-Fibers
40
what is a capsid? what is it made-up of and how is that important?
the protein coat that encloses the viral genome it may be of different shapes capsid is made-up of protein subunits called capsomeres the number of capsomeres is characteristics of a particular virus
41
how does the simplest virus look like?
it consists of a single molecule of a nucleic acid surrounded by a capsid, which is made up of one or or more protein subunits
42
name an helical virus and how does it look like
TMV have a rodlike or threadlike appeece
43
how to isometric viruses look like?
roughly spherical
44
give structure and components of TMV
rodlike shape has a single strand of RNA
45
explain the structure of bacteriophage
most complex at least 5 separate proteins which make- the head the tail core the molecules of the capsid the baseplate of the tail the tail fibers A long DNA molecule is coiled within the head
46
how are viruses mainly classified?
they are mainly classified on the basis of morphology and the nucleic acid they contain
47
how is the basis of morphology classify viruses
rodshape-TMV spherical-poliovirus tadpole-bacyeriophage
48
nucleic acid can be used to classify virus by
RNA DNA enveloped or not
49
# like what is the different types of viruses 8 classification of virus | not the eg. but just the types ## Footnote very important
1. uneneveloped + strand RNA virus 2. evevloped +strand RNA virus 3. -stand RNA virus 4. reterovirus 5. double strand RNA virus (Reo virus) 6. small genome DNA virus 7. medium genome and large genome DNA virus 8. bacteriophage
50
uneneveloped + strand RNA virus
Polio virus Rhino virus
50
evevloped Plus strand RNA virus
Hepatitis A and C
51
Minus stand RNA virus
Rhabdo viruses and Pox viruses
52
reterovirus
single stranded RNA (HIV) double stranded DNA (hepatitis B)
53
double strand RNA virus
Reo virus icosahedral RNA
54
small genome DNA virus
Parvo virus
55
medium and large genome
herpes virus
56
bacteriophage
a virulent virus T4
57
what is prophage?
the DNA molecule is incorporated by genetic recommbination into a specific site on the host cell's chromosom (chromatin body)
58
# ha what are simplier than viruses?
viriods and pirions are infective agents
59
what are *viriods* ? what do they cause? how do they replicate and where?
tiny molecules of naked circular RNA that infect plants only several hundred nucleotides long they do not encode proteins but can replicate in host cell (using cellular enzymes) Can distrupt the metabolism of plant and stunt it's growth
60
what are pirions? what does it cause?
infective proteins misfolded form of protein found in brain cells Cause a number of drgenerative disease like MADCOW and Scarpie
61
how is polio caused?
poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus
62
how are colds caused?
by1/3 Rhinoviruses Uneveloped plus-strand RNA virus viral infection of the upper respiratory tract (none conferring cross-immunity to the others) >200 viruses of cold have been identified
63
what are arboviruses and examples?
arthropod-borne viruses encephalitis, dengue, yellow fever
64
who discovered rabies caused by what
Louis Pasteure 19th Rhabdovirus (rod shape) dogs, racoons, foxes
65
how is measles and mumps
Paranyxoviruses minus strand RNA viruses
66
what causes flu
flu viruses minus strand RNA viruses a ball studded with spikes **Recombination**
67
how are most viral human diseases spread
through droplets via wounds, infected saliva via human faeces it may pass through vectors (arthropods) or sexual handling of contaminated objects
68
horizontal and vertical transmission
1) plant is infected by an external source through injured parts or insects 2) plant inherits a viral infection from parent
69
how does the process of HIV virus cause AIDS? what is inside the virus
the glycoprotein on it's envelope enable the virus to bind to the receptors of certain WBCs Although there are 2 RNA molecules they are identical not complementary strands
70
what does AIDS impairs? where does it replicates
AIDS impairs the body's lymphocytic cell T4 immune system in humans it replicates within the T4 or helper's cell thus these cells can no longer help nor induce other T4 cells called killer cell
71
# how is AIDS transmitted Hpw does effection lymphocytes does it effect o symptoms | what defect does AIDS cause ## Footnote most common cause of death by AIDS
HIV can only survive in body fluids by blood and semen short flu-like illness no effects for many years casuse a defect in the cell-mediated immune response - AKA immnue deficiency so opportunistic infection ensue rare type of pneumonia skin cancer Kaposi's sarcoma weight loss, fever, dementia, diarrhoea, septicaemia (blood poision) by effectiong lymphocytes HIV infects brain cells - causing dementia n death
72
treatment and control of AIDS
1987 AZT azidothyme - zidovudime can even attck the virus in the brain Ribavarrin Sumarin - antiparasitic drug
73
hepatits effects what part and how and what pain does it cause?
inflammation of the liver may be due to viral infections or drugs jaundice, abdominal pain, liver enlargement, fatigue and fever
74
hepatits A
contact by infected faeces caused by enveloped RNA virus
75
hepatitis B | aka? causes which cancer
AKA serum virus unusual DNA virus a small circular molecuel of partly but not completely double strnded DNA the viral genome encodes two kinds of proteins a core protein and a surface protein also DNA polymerase liver cancer | the amount of genetic info in genome -359 nucleotides- less than any oth
76
hepatits c
blood transfusion mother to child
77
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biology (8 decks)

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