biological molecules Flashcards

Question

how are amino acids linked? how are they function unique? | how many types of amino acid? ## Footnote what groups are present in the amino acids?

Answer 1

peptide linkage each protein has a unique sequence of amino acid **many of the chemical properties of protein is based upon the chemical properties of of it's constituent, amino acids** | 20 ## Footnote a basic group (-NH2), an acidic carboxylic group (-COOH) to the same alpha atom R radical group

Answer 2

R is Hydrogen

Answer 3

R is CH2OH methanal

Answer 4

R is CH3 methyne

Answer 5

>100 amino acids protein may differ in number of peptide chain per protein molecules

Answer 6

a polypeptide chain having a linear sequence of amino acids due to peptide bonds | insulin

Answer 7

association of two or more sub-units (polypeptide chains) into large-sized molecules | Haemoglobin ## Footnote homogenous structure if similar units heterogeneous

Answer 8

arrangement of 2nd structure into 3D (fold or superfold) having peptide, hydrogen, ionic, and disulphide bond | Lysozyme

Answer 9

when a polypeptide chain becomes *spirally coiled* results in the formation of a rigid and tubular structure called Helix Hydrogen and Sulphide bonds to hold in spiral manner | hairs, spider's web

Answer 10

high temp or chemical teatments loses it's conformation and ability to function if it remains dissolved it may renature

Answer 11

1)structural cables 2)provide mechanical support in n out cell 3)enzymes 4)hormoes 5)growth factors 6)gene activators 7)anitbodies 8)antigens 9)fibrine | 10,000 diff types of proteins

Answer 12

2:1 as water building material and storage 1% all are sweet except polysaccharide mono oligo poly

Answer 13

aka simple sugars CnH2nOn white crystalline solid sweet taste soluble fruits and veggies

Answer 14

triose tetrose pentose hexose heptose

Answer 15

C3H6O3 glycerose phosph glyceraldhyde dihydroxyacetone

Answer 16

C5H10O5 Ribose Ribulose

Answer 17

C4H804 Erythrose Erythrulose

Answer 18

C6H1206 glucose fructose galactose

Answer 19

C7H14O7 glucoheptose

Answer 20

**most abundant hexose found in nature** aka fruit sugar

Answer 21

found in ripe fruits sweet corn honey also found n starch

Answer 22

Milk sugar is composed of glucose and galactose. Where do you find galactose? Lactose, found in dairy products has been considered the primary source of galactose in the diet. found in combined stae lactose (milk) disaccharide

Answer 23

yeilds 2 - 10 monosaccharides ''' 3-10 monosaccharids

Answer 24

glucose + fructose | aka cane sugar found in most plants n in beet root

Answer 25

most imp. reserve food material in higher plants found in legumes, potatoes, cereals made up of many glucose molecules joined in straight chains and branched chain amylopectin insoluble in water **starch is converted into simple sugars by hydrolysis and then oxidised to produce energy to be used in metabolism of other biomolecules**y... the chemical reactions in the body's cells that change food into energy...metabolism | in plants excess glucose is converted into starch

Answer 26

glucose + galactose | found only in milk

Answer 27

glucose + glucose | does not ouccue in nature ifrom malt spourting barley

Answer 28

glycogen starch cellulose

Answer 29

glucose polymer produced by plants glucose joined in straight chains no branching (unbranched polysaccharide) main constituent of plant cell-wall most abundant **carbohydrate** in nature shape- parallel cellulose molecules are held together bybhydrogen bonds about 80 cellulose molecules chains associate to form a microfibril, the main architectural unit of the plant cell-wall

Answer 30

a reserve polysaccharide found in bacteria, fungi, liver and muscle tissues aka animal starch insoluanle in water stored in granular form structure is similar to starch | excess glucose is converted into glycogen

Answer 31

thye are potential source of energy this energy is utilized in metabolism they also act as storage food molecules they also work as an excellent building, protective and supporting structures. In animal chitin forms the exoskeleton of arthropods. They also form complex conjugated molecules.

Answer 32

Acylglycerol (fats and oil) Waxes Phospholipids Terpenoids

Answer 33

These are found both in animals and plants, provide energy for different metabolic activities and are very rich in chemical energy. When compared an equal amount of acylglycerol contains over twice the energy content than carbohydrate. It is estimated that a person of average size contains approximately 16 Kg of fat which is equivalent to 144000 K Cal of energy which takes a very long time to deplete. Acyiglycerol consists of a glycerol molecule linked to three fatty acids. This condensed molecule is also called a Triacylglycerol (Triglyceride). There are two types of acylglycerol:

Answer 34

Bloor 1943 Naturally occurring compounds which are insoluble in water But soluble in organic solvent C H O like carbohydrates but lesser ration of oxygen as compared

Answer 35

Saturated acylglycerol (Fats): do not contain any double bonds Unsaturated acylglycerol (Oils):

Answer 36

Unsaturated acylglycerol (Oils): They contain unsaturated fatty acids i.e. They contain one or more than one double bond between carbon atom (-C=C-). They are liquid at ordinary temperature. They are found in plant also called oil. e.g Linolin (C57 H104 O6) found in cotton seed contains linoleic acid.

Answer 37

Saturated acylglycerol (Fats): They contain saturated fatty acidsi.e. they do not contain any double bond between carbon atom. They are solid at ordinary temperature, mostly found in animals, e,g Stearin (C57, H110 O6) found in beef and mutton.

Answer 38

Waxes are simple lipids having one molecule of fatty acid forming ester bond with one molecule of long chain alcohol e.g Bee's Wax. Txb Waxes are found as protective coating on stems, stalks, leaves, petals, fruit skins, animal skins, fur and feathers etc. Waxes are water repellant and non-reactive.

Answer 39

Wax esters are of considerable commercial importance because they act as superior machine lubricants. For many years, sperm whales were the principle source of these wax but now a unique plant that grows primarily in desertareas, Simmondsia chinesis or Jojoba, may serve as superior substitute because it synthesize large amounts of oxygen wax esters as storage lipids in its seed.

Answer 40

Phospholipids: Phospholipid is the most important class of lipids from biological point of view. A phospholipid is similar to Triacylglycerol of an oil, except that one fatty acid is replaced by phosphate group. The phospholipid molécule consists of two ends, which are called hydrophillic (water loving) end (head) and hydrophobic (water fearing) end (tail). Phospholipids are present in all living cells frequently associated with membranes and are related to vital functions such as regulation of cell permeability and transport processes. Properties of cell membrane depend on it phospholipid component. polar head glycerol backbone fatty acid tails

Answer 41

Terpenoid is a large and important class of lipids, built up of isoprenoid (C5H8) units. Steroids, Carotenoids and Terpens are the important classes of it. They help in oxidation reduction processes as terpens, some are components of essential oils of plants e.g Menthal, camphor, mint etc. They are also found in cell-membrane as Cholesterol. Plant pigments like Carotene, Xanthophylls are also the form of terpenoides.

Answer 42

Terpenes: The group of lipids based only on isoprenoid unit (Cg Ha). Small size terpenes are volatile in nature; produce special fragrence. Some of these are used in perfumes e.g. Myrcene from oil of bay, Geranoil from rose, Limonene from lemon oil and Menthol from peppermint oil. Derivates of some terpenes are found in Vitamin A, and A2. They are also important constituents of chlorophyll molecules as well as Intermediate compound for cholesterol blosynthests. In nature they are utilized in the synthesis of rubber and latex.

Answer 43

Steroids: Steroids consist of three 6-membered carbon rings (A, B, C) and one 5-membered carbon ring (D). These rings are fused together with total 17 carbon atoms called steroid nucleus. One of the most important steriod is Cholesterol; a component of animal cell membrane and a precursor for the synthesis of a number of steriods, sex hormones such as testosterone, progesterone and estrogenes.

Answer 44

Carotenoids consist of fatty acid like carborr chain, which are conjugated by double bonds carrying 6-membered carbon ring at each end. These compounds are pigment producing red, orange, yellow, cream and brown colours in plants. Some important carotenoids are caroten, xanthophyll etc. Another group of pigmented compounds are Tetrapyrrol which are present as an important part of familiar chlorophyll and cytochromes pigments.

Answer 45

Swiss physician and chemist, Friedrich Miescher nuclein had acidic properties and hence it was renamed as nucleic acid Nucleic acids are present in all living things, from virus to man. These macromolecules are present either in the free-state or bound to proteins as nucleoproteins. Like proteins, the nuclei acids are biopolymers of high molecular weight with mononucleotide as their sub-units (monomers). The nucleic acids are the long chains of polynucleotide in which mononucleotides are linked to each other. There are two kinds of nuclei acids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).

Answer 46

DNA is found mainly in the chromatin of the cell nucleus whereas most of the RNA (90%) is present in the cell cytoplasm and a little (10%) in the nucleolus.

Answer 47

As we now know that nucleic acid is a polymer of nucleotide, a question arises here what is nucleotide? Nucleotide is a molecule which consists of following three parts. Pentose sugar (5 carbon) Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) Nitrogenous base (Organic base)

Answer 48

Pentose sugar found in nucleotide is either Ribose (C5H10O5) or Deoxyribose (C5H10O4) Ribose is found in RNA nucleotides while Deoxyribose sugar is found in DNA nucleotides, This sugar behaves as BASIC SKELETON.

Answer 49

Phosphoric acid is common in all nucleotides. It is attached with 5th carbon of pentose sugar in each nucleotide.

Answer 50

There are two basic types of nitrogenous bases i.e. Purine and Pyrimidine. Purine includes two nitrogenous bases named Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) while pyrimidine includes three nitrogenous bases cytosine (C), thymine (T) and uracil (U). The nucleotides differ on the basis of their nitrogenous bases.

Answer 51

Formation of nucleotide takes place in two steps. At first step the nitrogenous base combines with pentose sugar at its first carbon to form a nucleoside. At the second step the phosphoric acid combines with the 5th carbon of pentose sugar to form a nucleotide.

Answer 52

Mononucleotide Generally, nucleotides are found in the nucleic acid as polynucleotide but they are also found as mononucleotide and dinucleotide. Mononucleotides exist singly in the cell or as a part of other molecules. These are not the part of DNA or RNA Some of these have extra phosphate groups e.g.ATP (Adenosine triphosphate).

Answer 53

(Adenosine triphosphate).It is the most important among these nucleotide. It is an unstable molecule and carries cnergy from place to place within a cell. It is synthesized from ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate by capturing energy during photosynthesis. This energy is utilized to derive energy demanding reactions such as in synthesis of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, mechanical energy for cyclosis, contractility. cell. division, movement of flagella, active transport etc. ATP consists of Adenosine (Adenine and ribose sugar) and three phosphate; among them two are energy rich phosphate bond.

Answer 54

During conversion of ATP into ADP, the free energy releases which is considerable large i.e. 31.81 Kj or 7.3 K.Cal/ mole energy.

Answer 55

Some times two nucleotides are covalently bounded together, to form compounds are called dinucleotide. One of the well-known dinucleotide is Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD).

Answer 56

Nicotinamide is a vitamin constituent. The two nucleotides are linked by phosphate of one another. NAD is a co-enzyme [co-enzymes are the organic molecules (non-protein) which bind to enzyme (protein) and serve as a carrier for chemical groups or electrons] that carries electron and work with dehydrogenase enzyme. It removes two hydrogen atom from its substrate, both electrons, but only one hydrogen ion is passed to NAD which reduces it to NADH.

Answer 57

Polynucleotide (Nucleic acids as informational macromolecules) nucleic acids are the polynucleotides.

Answer 58

the unique and premiere service of nuclei acid is as repositories (store house) and transmitters of genetic information. They make it possible for cells to function according to specific patterns and give rise to new cells that either function similarly or develop new functions, according to plans encoded in the nucleic acid.

Answer 59

Genetic information is encoded in a nucleic acid molecule in a particular and simple fashion. Four different nucleotides make up each informational nucleic acid molecule. They are three letters in a genetic code. The nucleic acid molecule is some what linear and the units (nucleotides) like letters on a printed page or digital magnetic signals on a computer tape. In the proper machinery, these codes (nuçleotides) can be interpreted.

Answer 60

The cell interpretes the information present in many nucleic acid molecules as sequence of amino acid in protein and peptide molecules. The synthesis of proteins with definite sequences of amino acid and controlled amounts of protein is observed as the expression of heredity of an organism which generally give the physical appearance of that particular character.

Answer 61

DNA contains Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine containing nucleotides where as RNA contain Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uraeil containing nucleotide. DNA is double stranded helical structure while RNA is mainly a single stranded structure except rRNA. DNA is of just one kind while RNA is of three kinds rRNA, tRNA and mRNA (r = ribosomal, t = transfer m = messenger). DNA contains deoxyribose sugar while RNA contain ribose sugar in their nucleotides.

Answer 62

Transformation of one type of bacteria into another type and infection of bacteria by bacteriophage provides first evidence that DNA is the hereditary material. Griffith discovered that living bacteria can acquire genetic material from dead bacteria and transform live bacteria from non- virulent to virulent. Avery and his colleagues showed that the genes taken up living bacteria during transformation were composed of DNA.

Answer 63

A bacteriophage consists solely of DNA and protein. When it infects a bacterium, the phage injects its DNA only into the bacterium, where it directs the synthesis of more phage Hershey and Chase thus experimentally confirmed that DNA must be the genetic material.

Answer 64

DNA is a polynucleotide chain in which nucleotides are arranged in a specific manner. In all nucleotides of DNA, phosphate and deoxyribose sugars are always common but the nitrogenous bases are different. In other words, we can say that each DNA has specific sequences of nitrogenous bases. These sequences of bases in DNA can encode vast amount of information. Since the nitrogenous bases are of four type, 20 amino acids.

Answer 65

In Eukaryotic cells DNA is located in the nucleus while most of the synthesis and metabolic functions occur in the cytoplasm under the instruction of DNA. Therefore, DNA requires some intermediate molecules that carry informations from DNA to the cytoplasm, These molecules are ribonucleic acids or RNA's. Genetic infor- mation flows in a cell from DNA to mRNA than to cytoplasm in a two step process for the synthesis of protein.

Answer 66

Transcription: Initiation site In this step information contained in a specific segment of DNA is copied into RNA. The RNA which perform this process is called the messenger RNA (mRNA). It carries information from the nucleus to the ribsomes.

Answer 67

Translation: In this step two other types of RNA; transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) translate the information of messenger RNA into the specific sequence of amino acids which help to synthesize the protein.

Answer 68

Conjugated molecules are formed when biomolecules of two different groups combine with each other acting as unit molecule. When a molecule of carbohydrate combines with protein molecules, they form glycoprotein. Following are the types of conjugated molecules. 1) Glycolipids or cerebrosides 2) Glycoproteins or Mucoids ¡¡i) Nucleoproteins iv) Lipoproteins

Answer 69

These are conjugate of lipids and carbohydrats also contain some nitrogenous compound. Glycolipids are also called cerebrosides because it is important constituent of brain. Glycolipids and Sulpholipids are also the examples of Glycolipids found commonly in chloroplast

Answer 70

Glycoproteins or Mucoids: Glycoproteins are formed when a molecule of carbohydrate combine with a protein molecules. Most of the oligo and polysaccharides in the animals and plants cells are linked covalently to protein molecules and are called glycoproteins. It contains small amount of carbohydrate i.e less than 4% e. g egg albumin, gonadotrophic hormone etc. The cell membrane also possesses some amount of glycoproteins.

Answer 71

These are found in the nucleus conjugated with nucleic acid. On hydrolysis nucleoproteins give rise to simple proteins and nucleic acids. These are weakly acidic and soluble in water.

Answer 72

They are conjugates of lipids and proteins. The prosthetic groups of these are lipids such as lecithin and cholesterol. Lipoproteins help in the transportation of lipid in the blood plasma as low density protein or free fattyacid. They also occur as component of membrane of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus. The electron transport system in mitochondria appears to contain large amount of lipoproteins. Lamellar lipoprotein system occur in the myelin sheath of nerves photoreceptive structures, chloroplast and the membranes of bacteria.

Answer 73

Protoplasm is mainly consist of H,O, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nuclete acids and conjugated molecules.

Answer 74

Water is most abundant and important component in living cell.

Answer 75

Proteins are the polymers of amino acid, most important biomolecule of the cell carry out all cell activities as enzymes.

Answer 76

Carbohydrate are the hydrated carbon, these are the immediate source of energy.

Answer 77

Lipids are the important diverse group of non-polar bio-molecules, found as acyglycerol (fats and oils), waxes, phospholipids and terpenoids.

Answer 78

Lipids provide, fats, hormones, protective layers, precursors of vitamins and aroma to bodies.

Answer 79

Nucleic acids are the acidic compounds derived from nucleus found in two forms as DNA and RNA.

Answer 80

Nucleotide is the basic unit of nucleic acid consist of a molecule of pentose sugar bonded with phosphate and nitrogenous base.

Answer 81

ATP is a mononucleotide found in free state as energy rich molecules.

Answer 82

DNA is the hereditary material; having specific sequence of nitrogenous bases which encode vast amount of information as genetic code.

Answer 83

RNA behave as carrier of information from DNA to ribosome for protein synthesis.

Answer 84

'Two different group of biomolecules combine together to form conjugated molecule. Like glycolipids, glycoprotein, nucleoprotein and lipoprotein.

biological molecules Flashcards

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