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Biodiversity Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of life?

A
  1. Living things reproduce
  2. Living things respond to their environment
  3. Living things grow and develop
  4. Living things regulate internal environments
  5. Living things harness energy
  6. Living things adapt to the environment
  7. Living things are made up of cells
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2
Q

What is diversity?

A

Differences between different species

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3
Q

What is variation?

A

Differences in individuals in populations of the same species

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4
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane

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5
Q

What is diffusion and why does it happen?

A

Diffusion is the movement of particles such that they spread out in the available space

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6
Q

What are the four metabolic modes?

A

Heterotroph
Autotroph
Phototroph
Chemotroph

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7
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

It is the process by which phototrophs use light energy and carbon dioxide to make sugars or carbohydrates

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8
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

It is the process of releasing energy from biomolecules (glucose, etc) to generate ATP to fuel cellular activities

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9
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya

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10
Q

What are the two cell types?

A

Eukaryotes and prokaryotes

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11
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

Multi-celled organisms

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12
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

Single-celled organisms

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13
Q

What is taxis?

A

Movement in response to a stimulus in the environment

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14
Q

Why does diffusion occur?

A

Particles are constantly moving to areas of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached

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15
Q

Why does osmosis occur?

A

Solute particles may be too big to cross semi-permeable membranes in which water will diffuse to equalize concentrations

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16
Q

What are the four biomolecules needed for life?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Proteins
  3. Phospholipids
  4. DNA (Amino acids)
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17
Q

What are inorganic compounds?

A

Compounds that were formed in the environment without living organisms
(carbon dioxide, water, salt, etc)

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18
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

Compounds created by living organisms (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, DNA)

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19
Q

How do heterotrophs harness energy?

A

They consume existing organic biomolecules to make new ones

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20
Q

How do autotrophs harness energy?

A

They make their own biomolecules from CO2 (an inorganic compound)

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21
Q

How do phototrophs harness energy?

A

They use energy from light to create their own biomolecules

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22
Q

How do chemotrophs harness energy?

A

They use energy from chemicals bonds to create their own biomolecules

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23
Q

What is the first stage of photosynthesis?

A

Light Cycle - Solar energy is converted to chemical energy then stored as high energy molecules (ATP, NADH)

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24
Q

What is the second state of photosynthesis?

A

Calvin Cycle - High energy molecules (ATP, NADH) are used to create glucose

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25
What is the cellular respiration chemical equation?
Glucose + O2 --> CO2 + H2O + ATP (energy)
26
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
CO2 + H20 + sunlight (energy) --> Glucose + O2
27
Where does cellular respiration occur?
In the mitochondria
28
What are the two types of cellular respiration?
Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
29
What is aerobic respiration?
A process that requires oxygen (O2) and provides 38 ATP
30
What is anaerobic respiration?
A process that does not require oxygen (O2) and provides only 2 ATP
31
What is the relationship between DNA, proteins and mutations?
1. DNA is the instructions for making proteins. 2. Proteins determine phenotype or what a body looks like and how it works 3. Mutations are changes to DNA that result in a change of phenotype
32
Where is DNA encoded?
It is encoded in the order of nucleotide bases
33
What is DNA for?
It is the instructions for which amino acids to place in what order to build proteins
34
What are enzymes for?
They catalyze biochemical reactions in the body to allow your body to function (generate heat, digest food, metabolize toxins, etc)
35
What is a mutation?
A change in the DNA sequence
36
What is an allele?
It is a mutation in a gene that creates a new version of the gene and may create a different shape of a protein
37
What may happen if a gene mutates and a protein changes shape?
The differently shaped protein may work the same, different, worse or better.
38
What is the source of all variations in populations and for natural selection to occur?
Mutations
39
The smallest independent functioning unit of life cells all have what?
1. DNA 2. Ribosomes for making plasma membranes 3. Plasma membranes
40
What are the two requirements for a prokaryotic cell?
1. DNA is not enclosed in the nucleus 2. They lack organelles with plasma membranes
41
What requirements do eukaryotic cells have?
1. DNA is enclosed in the nucleus 2. They have specialized organelles 3. They are often larger than prokaryotic cells
42
Domain
The highest taxonomic organization of life
43
The domains prokaryotic cells are in
Bacteria and Archaea
44
The domain eukaryotic cells are in
Eukarya
45
Taxonomic classification of life
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
46
How are organisms structured in the phylum?
Typically by general body shape
47
Life’s unity (shared traits among species) and diversity (the wide variation across species)
Evolution
48
The evolution of new taxonomic groups
Macroevolution
49
Living species are descendants of ancestral species that had different traits?
Macroevolution
50
A segment of DNA with instructions for making a specific protein?
A gene
51
Different variations of a gene
An allele
52
What proteins do
Make, build and run your body
53
A change in allele frequencies within a population over generations?
Evolution
54
The change in frequencies of traits within a population over generations
Evolution
55
How are genes and alleles related?
A gene is a segment of DNA for making a specific protein and an allele is a variation in the gene
56
An individual's traits that affect its survival and reproduction
Natural selection
57
A situation in which an individual leaves more offspring in the next generation than some other individuals
Differential natural selection
58
A result of a match between an individual's traits and its environment
Fitness
59
An individual's lifetime reproductive output compared to other individuals in its population
Evolutionary fitness
60
Natural selection requires
-Variation in a trait -The trait to be heritable -The relation to either reproduction or survival
61
Mutations in DNA
Where variations come from
62
Humans determine which traits result in the highest fitness
Artificial selection
63
Homology structures
Similarity in species due to common ancestry. Structures may have different functions but the same origin
64
Similarities in DNA and protein sequences between species
Molecular homology
65
Analogous structures
Structures provide the same function but have different evolutionary origins
66
Structures that no longer serve a purpose but are still present as it was inherited from ancestors
Vestigial structures
67
These demonstrate gradual changes in structures
Fossils
68
4.6 BYA
Dust and rocks condense as liquid water is evaporated with volcanic eruptions plentiful
69
Water condenses into oceans and life may have originated from hydrothermal vents
4.0 BYA
70
Fossils may be incomplete
-Undiscovered -Certain organisms may be more likely to leave them and others less likely -Destroyed by geological processes
71
1. Eroded sediments end up in water and settle (sedimentation) 2. More layers pile up and press down heavily (compaction) 3. More layers (strata) and further compaction forces water out of the layers 4. Salt crystals glue the layers together (cementation) and a rock mass is formed
The process of creating fossils
72
3.6 BYA
Life begins on earth in the first prokaryotic cells which have anaerobic processes due to very little oxygen in the environment
73
The earliest trace of fossils made by cyanobacteria
Stromatolites
74
The oxygen revolution - oxygen is becoming abundant but there is a mass extinction of anaerobic organisms
2.7 BYA
75
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ENERGY --> 6 O2 + C6H12O6 (glucose)
Cellular respiration equation
76
Evolved to have cellular respiration and as a side effect, started producing oxygen
The cyanobacteria evolution 2.7 BYA
77
Oxygen could be used in the process of aerobic respiration which provides more ATP. Eukaryotic cells and multicellular organisms evolved
The benefit of oxygen in the environment
78
The main difference between anaerobic and aerobic cells
Aerobic respiration takes place with oxygen and provides more ATP/energy
79
The first forms of life
Anaerobic prokaryotes
80
The first organism to develop photosynthesis
Cyanobacteria (anaerobic prokaryotes)
81
1.8 BYA
Eukaryotic fossils appear
82
The evolution of membrane-bound organelles
In-folding of the plasma membrane
83
Mitochondria evolution
A proto-eukaryotic cell engulfed an aerobic bacterium
84
Mitochondria
Organelles that conduct aerobic cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells
85
6 O2 + C6H12O6 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ENERGY
Aerobic cellular respiration equation
86
Endosymbiont theory
Endo (inside) symbiont (living together)
87
A eukaryotic cell engulfed a cyanobacteria
Chloroplast evolution
88
Chloroplasts
Main sites of photosynthesis occurring in eukaryotes
89
Photosynthesis equation
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ENERGY --> 6 O2 + C6H12O6
90
Evidence for endosymbiont origins
1. Mitochondria and plastids have their own DNA 2. The DNA is similar to prokaryotic DNA 3. Mito/plastids replicate and transcribe their own DNA 4. They have their own ribosomes that resemble prokaryotic ribosomes 5. Membranes surrounding these organelles resemble prokaryotic membranes
91
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes both have these organelles
1. Nucleus 2. Mitochondria 3. Chloroplasts 4. Plasma membrane
92
The plasma membrane got bigger and folded inside the cell
Nucleus evolution
93
Cyanobacteria importance
1. Evolved photosynthesis --Oxygen revolution --enabled evolution of aerobic respiration, eukaryotes, multicellular organisms 2. Origin of chloroplasts
94
Multicellular organisms forms with cell specialization
1.2 – 1.8 BYA
95
600 MYA Ediacaran Biota
-Multi-celled algae -First animals appear -Tubular, frond shaped, soft-bodied -Sponges, jelly fish -Many sessile filter feeders
96
Origin of many present day animal phyla
530 MYA Cambrian Explosion

Biodiversity (4 decks)

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