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Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Tetrapods

A

Cordates with four feet – have limbs w/ digits

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2
Q

Paleozoic

A

First tetrapods appear when insects do

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3
Q

Carboniferous

A

Amphibians dominant land animals
Seedless vascular dominant
1st reptiles appear

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4
Q

Amphibians features and habitat

A

Live on land and in water
Eggs laid in water, aquatic larvae with gills
Terrestrial, lunged adult
Some species fully aquatic or fully terrestrial

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5
Q

Respiration in amphibians

A

Live in humid, damp habitats (swamps, forests),
or humid microhabitats (in soil, leaf litter)
Exchange gases through their moist skin (some lack lungs completely)

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6
Q

Reproduction in amphibians

A

external fertilization

Lay eggs in water, moist terrestrial habitat
Adaptations for keeping eggs moist
Foamy nests
Retaining eggs in mouth, stomach, pouch

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7
Q

amniotes

A

tetrapods with amniotic eggs

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8
Q

vertebrate embryo examples that develop in an aqueous environment

A

Fish and amphibian eggs are laid in water
Reptiles, birds, mammals have amniotic eggs that protect the embryo within several fluid-filled membranes

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9
Q

Amniotic eggs

A

fluid-filled membranes
Resistant to desiccation
Handles exchanges of gases and wastes with the environment
Can be laid on land or retained in body

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10
Q

umbilicus and placenta in most mammals

A

Originally amniotic egg

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11
Q

Mesozoic

A

Reptiles dominant
Gymnosperms dominant

Dinosaurs and mammals evolve

Angiosperms evolve

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12
Q

Reptiles

A

Tuataras, lizards & snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds
Digits with claws

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13
Q

Reptile adaptations

A

Scales with keratin
—–protects skin from desiccation, abrasion
Internal fertilization
—–Shell secreted around fertilized egg
Egg laid on land

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14
Q

Are reptiles endo- or ectotherms

A

Ectotherms

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15
Q

Ectotherms

A

warm body with external heat
adjust their body heat behaviorally

Pro
—–Require less energy per kilo than endotherms
—–10% of food needs of mammals
Con
—–activity limited when cold

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16
Q

Birds

A

group of reptiles with many adaptations for flight

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17
Q

Bird adaptions for flight

A

Minimize weight: lack bladder, one ovary, no teeth, hollow bones
Large sternum with keel for muscle attachment
Pectoral muscles to power wings
Keen eyesight
Large brains (motor coordination)
Wings and feathers
—–Overlapping barbs – keep feathers smooth and aerodynamic
——Feathers – keratin (where else found?)

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18
Q

Are birds endo- or ectotherms

A

Endothermic

necessary to maintain energy for flight
Four-chambered heart
More efficient lungs
Down feathers and fat for insulation
Keep eggs warm by brooding

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19
Q

Endothermic

A

necessary to maintain energy for flight
Four-chambered heart
More efficient lungs
Down feathers and fat for insulation
Keep eggs warm by brooding
use insulation to retain heat

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20
Q

Benefits of flight

A

escape predation
Migrate for best breeding/feeding grounds
Catch flying insects

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21
Q

mammals

A

amniotes with produce milk

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22
Q

Mesozoic

A

Mass extinction of dinosaurs and allowed mammals to rise up

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23
Q

Cenozoic

A

Major radiation of mammals and birds
Major radiation of pollinating insects and flowering plants (co-evolution)

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24
Q

Derived traits of mammals

A

Endothermy
Hair, fur
Mammary glands
Large brains, learning
Parental care
Efficient respiratory and circulatory systems

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25
Benefits of efficient respiratory and circulatory systems
High metabolic rate Supports endothermy
26
mammary glands
produce milk to feed young Parental care Large brains, learning
27
Anatomy/form
– the physical structure of an organism adaptations to particular environmental conditions
28
Physiology/function
– the processes of an organism adaptations to particular environmental conditions
29
The simplest way to exchange materials with the environment
all cells in contact with external environment and/or digestive cavity Materials diffuse in/out -----Gases -----Metabolic wastes -----Digested nutrients
30
circulatory systems
move materials around bodies to exchange surfaces -----exchanges materials with cells and with the environment -----moves materials around faster than would be possible by diffusion
31
Benefit of highly folded internal surfaces in lungs and circulatory system
Materials are exchanged between bodies and the environment across SURFACES and increase surface area
32
Organ systems
groups of organs that work together to perform vital body functions
33
Organs
tissues organized into a functional unit
34
Tissues
groups of cells with common function
35
Epithelia tissue
tissue occurs as sheets Cells tightly connected prevent materials “leaking” between cells Barrier to pathogens, fluid loss Control of absorption
36
Connective tissue
binds and supports other tissues Sparse cells scattered in an extracellular matrix Matrix consists of fibers in a liquid, jelly, or solid foundation
37
Muscle tissue
responsible for movement
38
Nervous tissue
collecting, processing, transmitting information and sensing/processing info
39
Neurons
transmit nerve signals (nervous tissue)
40
Glial cells
provide metabolic support to neurons (nervous tissue)
41
Excretory system
Removal of metabolic waste, regulation of osmotic balance
42
Metabolic waste
-Stuff produced as a by-product of metabolism, can’t be used by body -Blood is filtered through kidneys -Passed to bladder
43
Coordinating body activities via neurons
Neurons in sensory organs receive information from the environment Neurons transmit info to relevant body parts
44
Endocrine
– coordination of body activities via hormones Glands secrete hormones Hormones travel through the blood stream to receptors on cells
45
The nervous system sends signals that are what?
fast-acting (fraction of sec) Good for rapid responses
46
The endocrine system sends signals that are what?
slower-acting and last longer Hormones may remain in blood stream mins, hrs Good for gradual processes
47
Homeostasis
maintaining a stable internal environment particular physical conditions (pH, solute concentration, temp)
48
Regulator for an environmental variable
control internal change in face of fluctuation
49
Conformer for environmental variable
internal condition changes in response to external
50
Regulator - Endotherms
regulators for internal temperature
51
Regulator - Osmoregulators
regulate concentration of solutes in body fluids
52
Conformer - Ectotherms
conformers for temp (not “cold blooded”) Most marine inverts
53
negative feedback loops to maintain homeostasis
returns body systems to a set point, reverses a change
54
positive feedback loops to maintain homeostasis
intensifies a change in a body system
55
Negative feedback process
stimulus triggers response, response dampens the stimulus Set point is the target value Stimulus is fluctuation away from the set point Response – physiological activity that returns to set point
56
Positive feedback process
drive process to completion Stimulus triggers response, response serves as additional stimulus Continues until process complete
57
Thermoregulation
process by which animals maintain body temperature within normal range
58
evaporative heat loss
Endotherms adjust their body heat when water evaporates it absorbs heat, pulls from skin Some Mammals sweat Other animals bathe pant
59
Endotherms and Ectotherms adjust body heat with what body system?
circulatory systems
60
Vasodilation
blood vessels expand, closer to skin surface, radiate heat
61
Vasoconstriction
blood vessels constrict, farther skin surface, retain heat
62
adjust body heat with countercurrent exchange in blood vessels
Arteries near veins Warm blood in arteries radiates heat cold blood in veins absorbs heat
63
Nutrition
the process by which food is taken in, digested, and used by body
64
Diet must supply:
1) chemical energy for cellular processes 2) organic building blocks for macromolecules 3) essential nutrients
65
Chemical energy
energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds
66
Metabolism
sum of all biochemical reactions in a body
67
cellular respiration
energy stored in glucose is transferred to ATP Glucose + O2 --> CO2 + H2O + ATP (energy)
68
ATP is the energy source for everything cells do:
Protein synthesis Membrane synthesis DNA synthesis Cell division Solute transport Cell movement Muscle contraction
69
4 macromolecules
Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids
70
Carbohydrates
Sugars made of CH2O Types of carbs: -Sugars are mono- or disaccharides Polysaccharides are made up of many sugars linked together
71
Purposes of carbs in animals:
Quick source of energy Glucose main substrate for glycolysis in cellular respiration Glucose only fuel source used by brain and red blood cells
72
Starch in diet
Breaks down to glucose Energy storage in plants most common carbohydrate in the human diet (potatoes, wheat, maize, rice, cassava) Broken down to glucose
73
Energy storage in carbs
Glucose molecules taken up by muscle and liver cells stored as glycogen
74
Fiber in carbs
indigestible portion of plant material Soluble fiber -----dissolves in water ------Good for gut microbes ------Makes you feel full Insoluble fiber ------Ease defecation
75
Proteins
Made of amino acids Contain N, C, H, O Do everything in your body -----Form structures -----Catalyze reactions -----transport
76
Lipids
Made of fatty acids contain C,H, O Barriers – make up the membranes around your cells and around organelles in your cells
77
Lipids storage
Long term energy storage (fat, oil) Glucose taken up by adipose (fat) cells and stored as triglycerides Fat 2x energy/gram as carbs
78
Purpose of nucleic acids
genetic code Instructions for making proteins Made of nucleotide bases Contain N, C, O, P
79
essential nutrients
things an organism can’t synthesize from precursors Must get from diet Unique to species (e.g. vitamin C essential to humans)
80
A subset of amino acids are essential
Animals need 20 amino acids to make proteins In most animals, about half of these are essential 8 essential amino acids in humans can easily acquire all from plants
81
Vitamins
organic molecules an organism cannot synthesize required by body in very small amounts
82
Purpose of vitamins
Coenzymes – bind to enzymes to assist in function synthesis of nucleic acids, red blood cells, collagen, visual pigments… Antioxidants – prevent cell damage
83
Minerals
inorganic nutrients molecules an organism cannot synthesize required in small amounts e.g. calcium, phosphorous, potassium, iron

Biodiversity (4 decks)

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