Exam 3 Flashcards
(260 cards)
1
Q
Angiosperms definition
A
Flowering plants
2
Q
Phylum of Angiosperms
A
Anthophyta
3
Q
Derived traits of angiosperms
A
Flowers – specialized structures for reproduction
Ovules are inside of Ovaries
Double fertilization
Seeds are contained within fruits
4
Q
Flowers definition
A
Modified leaves, that contain sporangia
5
Q
Sepals definition
A
leaves that enclose unopened flower
6
Q
Petals purpose
A
often brightly colored, related to pollination mode, to attract pollinators
7
Q
Bird-pollinated flower traits
A
Red flowers
Lots of nectars
No scents
8
Q
Bee-pollinated flower traits
A
Yellow and blue flowers
9
Q
Wind-pollinated flower traits
A
No showy petals or scents
10
Q
Moth – pollinated flower traits
A
Often light colors
Strong scents
11
Q
Stamens purpose
A
produce pollen
Inside of microsporangia
12
Q
Two parts of stamen
A
Filament
Anther
13
Q
Anther purpose
A
contains microsporangia where pollen is produced
14
Q
Carpels function
A
where eggs, seeds, fruit made
15
Q
Parts of Carpel
A
stigma
pollen tube
style
ovary and ovules
16
Q
Fertilization steps of carpel
A
Stigma receives pollen
Pollen tube grows down style
Ovary contains ovules
Fertilized ovule becomes seed
Ovary becomes fruit
17
Q
Complete flower definition
A
Contains sepals, petals, stamens and carpel
18
Q
Incomplete flower definition
A
Lacks one or more parts to a flower
19
Q
Anthers dehiscent
A
immature pollen
20
Q
Anthers indehiscent
A
releases mature pollen
21
Q
Pollen grain consists of two cells
A
tube cell
generative cell
22
Q
A tube cell
A
will become the pollen tube
has haploid nucleus
23
Q
A generative cell
A
that will become sperm
INSIDE the tube cell
haploid nucleus
divides by mitosis to create two sperm cells
24
Q
Double Fertilization
A
One sperm nucleus fertilizes the egg = makes zygote (2n)
One sperm nucleus joins with the two polar nuclei to make a triploid (3n) endosperm
Endosperm becomes food supply
25
Fertilized ovule
seed
26
Ovary
fruit
27
Primary function of fruits
to aid in seed dispersal
28
Fleshy fruit
wall of ovary softens as ripens
evolved to get eaten to be dispersed by animals
29
Dry fruit
dry at maturity
evolved to scatter and/or be collected and stored by animals
Some open at maturity to shed seeds
30
Nut
one-seeded dry fruit, thick, hard wall
31
Grain
one-seeded dry fruit, ovary wall fused to seed coat
32
Cotyledons
an embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are the first leaves to appear from a germinating seed
33
Radicle
embryonic root
emerges first; the developing root system anchors the plant
34
Economically important grasses
More than ½ of calories consumed globally by humans
35
What does the plant do with the glucose it makes?
Quick source of energy for cells
Main substrate for cellular respiration = make ATP
Glucose molecules can also be used as building blocks for more complex carbohydrates (= polysaccharides)
Starch – energy storage carb in plants
Potatoes; endosperm of corn, wheat, rice…
36
Cellulose
structural carbohydrate in plant cell walls
Fibers: cotton, linen, rayon
wood pulp for paper, paperboard, cardstock
40-50% wood
37
What are three purposes of roots?
Anchor plant in soil
Absorb water and minerals
Store carbs
38
Primary root
first to emerge from germinating seed
39
Lateral roots
branches from primary
40
Root hairs
extension of root epidermal cells; increase absorptive area
Most water and mineral absorption occurs through root hairs
41
Mycorrhizae
mutualistic fungus that associates with plant roots
> 80% of plants have mycorrhizae
42
Fungal hyphae function in plant mutualism
increase surface area for absorption of water and minerals, especially Phosphorous
43
Pneumatophores
roots absorbing oxygen in waterlogged, low oxygen soils
e.g. swamps, mangroves
44
What are the primary functions of the stem?
Orient leaves for max photosynthesis
Elevate reproductive structures to facilitate pollen, fruit, seed dispersal
45
Rhizomes
horizontal stems from roots for additional plant reproduction
Vertical shoots emerge from
46
Tubers
specialized for storage
“eyes” are axillary buds
47
Stolons
a creeping horizontal plant stem or runner that takes root at points along its length to form new plants
48
Functions of leaves:
Absorb light
Exchange gases
Dissipate heat
Defense
49
Cell wall
outside of plasma membrane, prevent bursting
Plants can absorb a lot of freshwater
50
Large central vacuole
store water, allow plant to absorb water w/o diluting cytoplasm, maintain turgor pressure
51
Plastids
chloroplasts with chlorophyll or other storage
52
Three plant tissue systems:
Dermal
Ground
Vascular
53
Dermal tissue
Protective outer coating against damage, pathogens, water loss
54
Types of Dermal tissue
Non-woody plants
------Epidermis covered with waxy cuticle
Woody plants
------bark replaces epidermis in older regions of stem and roots
55
4 Types Specialized dermal cells
Guard cells
Stomata
Trichomes
Root hairs
56
Root hairs cell function
Most water and mineral absorption occurs through root hairs
57
Guard cells cell function
open and close stomata
58
Stomata cell function
pores for gas exchange necessary for photosynthesis
59
Trichomes cell function
Defense against herbivores
60
Vascular tissue
Transport materials throughout plant
Structural support
61
Vascular tissue
Xylem – water and minerals – root to shoots
Phloem – sugars from sources (mature leaves) to sinks (developing leaves, fruits, flowers)
62
Xylem
- water conducting cells
- walls hardened with lignin
- dead at maturity
- Creates pipes
63
Phloem cells/tissues and functions
alive at maturity
lack many major organelles (nucleus, cytoskeleton…)
Easier for fluids to move through
cell walls are porous
associated with companion cells that carry out metabolic functions for them
64
Transpiration
Water and minerals taken up by roots, travels up vascular tissue, to leaves for photosynthesis, and out stomata
65
Cohesion
attraction between same type of molecule
Water molecules have cohesion because of hydrogen bonds
66
adhesion
attraction between two dif molecules
Water in xylem adheres to cellulose in cell walls b/c of hydrogen bonds
67
Evaporation in plants
water molecule absorbs energy and changes from liquid to gas
Leaf absorbs solar energy,
water molecules evaporate out of stomata
68
Sugar producer in plants
Mature leaves net producer of sugars
69
Sugar sink in plants
Growing buds, roots, stems, fruits, leaves net producer of sugars
70
Storage organ
Tuber, bulb
Sink in summer
Source in early spring
71
Ground tissue:
Makes up most of plant tissue
cells for metabolism, storage, support, photosynthesis
72
Storage in ground tissues
Plastids that hold starch and other organics
73
Support in ground tissues
Long slender cells with thick cell walls
May be reinforced with lignin
Can be bundled together for added strength
These are fibers used to make hemp, linen
74
Metabolism in ground tissues
Chloroplasts – plastids with chlorophyll
photosynthesis
75
All tissue types can be found where in the plant
leaves!
76
Cuticle dermal tissue
single cell layer of epidermis cells, includes stomata to prevent water loss
77
Vascular tissue
Veins – bundles of xylem and phloem
78
Palisade mesophyll ground cells
these cells contain lots of chloroplasts, where most photosynthesis happens
79
Spongy mesophyll
ground cells also for photosynthesis; lots of air spaces for gas exchange
80
Indeterminate growth
growing throughout life
81
Determinate growth
ceasing growth when certain size is reached
82
Indeterminate growth
Meristems – Apical meristems at root and shoot tips
83
Meristems
Indeterminate growth
constantly dividing, unspecialized tissues
Apical BLANK at root and shoot tips
Primary growth = elongation of roots and shoots due to cell division at apical meristems
84
Primary growth of a root and what protects it
Root cap protects the apical meristem
85
Three zones of primary growth
Zone of cell division
Zone of elongation
Zone of differentiation
86
Zone of cell division
generate new cells mitotically
87
Zone of elongation
cells grow in size, push the tip of the root outward
88
Zone of differentiation
– cells specialize into their different functions
- Location of root hairs
89
Fungi phyla
Chytrids
Zygomycota
Glomeromycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
90
Fungi metabolism
Absorptive Heterotrophs
91
Absorptive Heterotrophs
Absorb nutrients from environment outside of body
Secrete hydrolytic enzymes, digest complex molecules
absorb the smaller molecules
92
ingestive heterotrophs
ingest food and digest internally
93
Fungi come in two forms
Yeasts – single cells
Hyphae – multicellular filaments
94
yeasts habitat
moist environments w/ soluble nutrients (plant sap, animal tissues)
95
Hyphae
Multicellular filaments
One cell wide, many cells long
Increase surface area for absorption
96
Hyphae cell walls
chitin
97
Mycelium
Interwoven mass of hyphae
Maximize surface area: volume
98
Fungi role
Fungi are very important decomposers – vital for recycling nutrients in terrestrial systems
99
Fungal dispersal
Spores transported long distances by wind or water
Spores are everywhere!!
Spores produced sexually or asexually
100
Fungal Reproduction
Asexual reproduction:
Hyphae produce genetically identical haploid spores via mitosis
101
Plasmogamy
hyphae of different mating types meet and fuse
102
heterokaryote
cells have nuclei from two different sources
103
Karyogamy
haploid nuclei from different parents fuse, making diploid cells
104
Meiosis
makes haploid spores, creates genetic diversity
105
Chytrids
Only fungi to have flagellated spores
Commonly found in soil and lakes, marine communities
Mutualists with animals
Cattle, other grazers– anaerobic fungi aid in digestion of cellulose in rumen
106
Chytrid ecological roles
Parasites/ pathogens of amphibians
107
Zygomycota
Many food molds
Spores made sexually or asexually in sporangia
Have black asexual sporangia
Sexually formed zygosporangia
108
Zygomycota Asexual Reproduction
make identical haploid spores in black sporangia
When have abundant food to remain in place
triggered by deteriorating environment
Running out of food, environment drying out
Plasmogamy results in a zygosporangium
contains haploid nuclei from each parent
can resist harsh conditions
109
Glomeromycota
mycorrhizae – fungal mutualism with plant roots;
80+% of all plants have mutualisms with glomeromycetes
branched hyphae extend into plant cells
110
Ascomycota
sac fungi (65,000 species)
In sexual stage, form fruiting bodies (the cups) where ascospores are formed
Human food and medicine -Includes morels (Morchella esculenta) and truffles that people love to eat
Includes Penicillium that antibiotic penicillin is made from
111
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
fungi for beer, wine, bread, liquor
Produces CO2 and alcohol through anaerobic respiration
112
Ascomycota negative ecological roles
Crop pathogen
Fusarium wilt – Billions in crop losses, mycotoxins
Botrytis cinerea –grey mould
$10-100s billion losses/yr
powdery mildew
Animal pathogens
Dermatophytosis – a fungal infection of the skin
i.e. Ring worm, athlete’s foot, jock itch, etc.
Fungi feed on keratin in skin
113
Basidiomycota
Mushrooms!!!
30,000 species
114
Basidiomycota reproduction
Fruiting body has gills where sexually produced basidiospores are made
115
Largest organism on earth
Armillaria fungus in Blue Mountains, Malheur National Forest, Oregon
Mycelium expands > 3.4 square miles underground!
2,400 years old!
116
Basidiomycota ecological roles
Decomposer
Basidiomycete shelf fungi are best at breaking down lignin in wood
Crop pathogen
rusts; wheat rusts can cause 100% crop losses
Corn smut
117
Lichen
Fungus- Algae Mutualism
Fungi - Ascomycota or Basidiomycota
Algae - cyanobacteria or green alga
118
Lichens are important in ecological succession
- Break down rock
- form soil
– begins a new ecosystem
119
Fungus-ant Mutualism
Fungus gardening ants collect leaves, take to nest to feed their basidiomycote fungi
The fungi produce proteins and carbs for the ants
Ants couldn’t digest leaves on their own
120
What are animals?
multicellular, eukaryotic, ingestive heterotrophs
121
Collagen definition
Makes cells flexible
Supports cell shape
Helps cells adhere to one another
122
Muscle tissue
moves body
123
Nervous tissue
conduct nerve impulses
124
Neurons
receive and transmit impulses
125
What structure surrounds the inside of the animal cell plasma membrane?
Extracellular matrix made of collagen
126
Early Animal Evolution Year
Animals evolved ~700 mya
About 1 billion years after the first eukaryotes
127
Oldest animal fossils
Ediacaran era
~ 560 mya
soft-bodied, radial symmetry
Include molluscs, sponges, cnidarians
128
Cambrian explosion
~ 540 million years ago
All animal life still in oceans
rapid evolution
“arms race”
Increase in oxygen allowed larger body sizes
129
450 mya
Animals, plants move onto land
Arthropods were the first to colonize land
130
365 mya
Vertebrates colonized land
131
Metazoa
The clade containing all animals
Sponges are the earliest branching lineage of the extant phyla - they lack tissues
132
Phylum Porifera
sponges
133
Eumetazoa
a clade of animals with true tissues
Cnidarians – early branch from Eumetazoan ancestor
Sister group to Ponifera
134
Radial symmetry
Can be divided symmetrically by any slice through central axis
135
Phylum Cnidaria
Jellyfish and anemones with radial symmetry
136
Bilateria clade
Bilateral symmetry
triploblastic (3 tissue layers)
137
Bilateral symmetry
Two axes of orientation
Anterior (head) / posterior (anus)
Dorsal (top) / ventral (bottom)
138
cleavage
repeated divisions without growth, like a zygote into 8-cell stage
repeated mitotic divisions without growth
cell duplicates DNA and divides repeatedly
Cells get smaller and smaller
139
blastula
cleavage into a multicellular hollow ball of cells
140
blastocoel
the hollow center of a blastula
141
Gastrulation
one end of the embryo (in blastula form) folds inward
Makes digestive tube
Creates 2 – 3 “germ” (= embryonic tissue) layers
142
Blastopore
The opening hole of blastula after gastrulation
143
Ectoderm
outer of blastula tissue after gastrulation
Surface covering (epidermis)
Central nervous system
144
Blastocoel
middle of blastula tissue after gastrulation (in triploblasts)
Muscles
Other organs that are not part of digestive tract
145
Endoderm
inner of blastula tissue after gastrulation
Digestive tract
Some organs (lung, liver)
146
Archenteron
hollow hole of blastula after gastrulation
147
Egg nucleus and sperm nucleus fuse to form what
zygote
148
Determinate cleavage
cell fate determined very early;
remove a cell and embryo will be missing key parts
149
Indeterminate cleavage
each cell produced by early cleavage retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo
150
Gastrovascular cavity
Archenteron pushes inward, stops
One opening is mouth and anus
151
complete digestive tract
If archenteron grows through to other side
152
Diploblastic
Animal tissues develop from embryonic layers
only ectoderm and endoderm
Cnidarians
153
Triploblastic
Animal tissues develop from embryonic layers
three embryonic tissue layers
all bilaterally symmetric animals
154
~ 700 mya
Sponges and cnidarians evolved in the Ediacaran
155
Phylum Porifera characteristics
Lack true tissues
asymmetrical
Marine
Sedentary filter feeders
Mostly hermaphrodites
156
Choanocytes
sponge cells that create current, catch food
157
Three cell types in sponges
Choanocytes
Amoebocytes
Epidermis
158
Amoebocytes
move through the gelatinous middle layer, carry nutrients
Intracellular digestion
Takes place directly inside of cells
food enters vacuoles in the amoebocytes
vacuoles fuse with lysosomes
159
Epidermis in sponges
draws in water through pores in epidermis
160
Phylum Cnidarians
Jellies, corals, anemones, hydras
161
Cnidaria symmetry
Radial
Mouth/anus in center of body
162
Cnidaria tissue layers
Diploblastic
Ectoderm becomes epidermis
Endoderm becomes gastrodermis – lines the GVC (mouth and anus)
can exchange gases with environment via diffusion (no need for respiratory /circulatory system)
163
Polyp body form
Cnidaria body form
adhere to substrate with basal disc
mouth up, extend tentacles
hydras, sea anemones, corals
164
Bud in cnidarians
asexual reproduction in hydras
165
Coral
colonies of tiny polyps
Secrete calcium carbonate exoskeleton
166
Medusa body form
Cnidaria body form
free moving; swims with mouth down
No brain, have non-centralized nerve net distributed around body
jellies
167
Cnidocytes
Stinging cells
Use tentacles with cnidocytes to capture prey
Contain a coiled barb that can be shot out, punctures prey
Coated with toxin to subdue prey
Toxicity varies by species
168
Gastrovascular cavity in cnidarians
central digestive compartment, single opening
Tentacle push prey into GVC
Enzymes secreted into GVC
No circulatory system – nutrients diffuse directly from GVC into cells
169
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
Examples – planarians, tapeworms
Flattened dorso-ventrally (top to bottom)
No circulatory system
No respiratory system
Gas exchange, waste elimination, nutrient movement from GVC to cells by diffusion
170
Clade Planarians
Phylum Platyhelminthes
free-living predators and scavengers
Freshwater
Can regenerate if cut up
171
Planarian anatomy
Pharynx – extends through mouth. Releases digestive juices. Sucks food in.
Mouth
GVC
Eyespots detect light
Lateral flaps detect chemicals
172
Tapeworms and descriptions/where they live
Phylum Platyhelminthes
parasites
Live in vertebrate intestine, can get ~ 15 m long
Become infected by
eating undercooked pork or beef
living in conditions with poor hygiene that bring into contact with eggs
173
Tapeworm anatomy
Anterior end (scolex) with hooks and suckers to attach to intestines
No mouth, no GVC
Live in vertebrate intestines
Absorb nutrients across body surface
174
Tapeworm reproduction
Can self-fertilize
Proglottid - Each segment behind the anterior one
mainly functions for sexual reproduction
proglottids increase in size and maturity toward posterior end
Ones at end have mature eggs, break off, get passed out with host feces
175
Phylum Mollusca, habitat and body types
Mollusks
100,000 species, 2nd most diverse animal phylum
Examples: squid/octopi, snails/slugs, clams/oysters
Habitat - mostly marine, some freshwater,
snails/slugs terrestrial
soft-bodied, some secrete calcium carbonate shell
176
Three main body parts of a mollusk:
Muscular foot for movement
Visceral mass contains internal organs
Mantle- tissue that drapes over visceral mass and secretes shell
177
Class – Gastropoda
Mollusca phylum
Gastropods
snails and slugs
¾ of all mollusks
Marine, freshwater, terrestrial
Marine snails often brightly colored
toxic, unpalatable
Most are herbivores
178
Gastropod anatomy
radula - a scraping tongue
mantle
foot
mouth
179
Class Bivalvia (Bivalves)
Mollusca phylum
clams, oysters, mussels, scallops
All aquatic
Hinged shell divided into to lateral halves
180
Bivalve anatomy
Adductor muscle holds shell closed
Foot can dig in mud
Many are sedentary (oysters have no foot)
Clams can pull themselves into mud with foot
Complete digestive tract
Draws water in incurrent siphon
181
Class Cephalopods
Mollusca phylum
octopi, squid, chambered nautilus, cuttlefish
Active marine predators
Grasp prey with suckers on tentacles, bite, inject with poison
182
Cephalopod anatomy
Suckers
Siphon – shoot water out for locomotion
Well-developed sensory organs
Eye as complex as vertebrate eye
Convergent evolution
Some species, like the Chambered Nautilus, still have shells
gas-filled chambers
adjust buoyancy
183
Phylum Annelida
segmented worms
Marine, freshwater, soil
Examples: polycheates, leeches, earthworms
184
Leeches
Phylum Annelida
Mostly freshwater parasites
Sharp teeth for attaching to host
Apply anesthetic to host, anticoagulate
hermaphroditic
185
Earthworms
Phylum Annelida
Eat soil, extract nutrients
Secrete wastes and mucus through anus
Improves soil quality
hermaphroditic
186
Earthworm anatomy
Skin is respiratory surface
Can exchange gases via vessels in skin
Cerebral ganglia function like brain, connected to nerve cords
complete digestive tract
187
Ecdysozoans
a group of protostome animals, including Arthropoda, Nematoda, and several smaller phyla
ecdysis – molting of cuticle
Cuticle - tough layer outside of the skin
Have to shed cuticle to grow
188
Phylum Nematoda
nematodes, roundworms
Body covered in tough cuticle
Complete digestive tract
Nematodes are most abundant type of animal on earth!
Found in marine and freshwaters, soils,
tropics and polar regions
189
Nematodes habitat
can be free-living or parastic
Free-living species feed on algae, fungi, small animals, fecal matter, decaying matter, bacteria…
Parasitic individuals feed on plant or animal tissues
190
Examples of harmful nematodes
Heart worms, elephantiasis, crop pests
can be encysted in muscle tissue
Cook your meat!
191
Examples of beneficial nematodes
Natural pest control
Decomposers
the most numerous of the larger decomposers in compost
192
Phylum Arthropoda
Insects, arachnids, centipedes, millipedes, crustaceans
~80% of all animal species are arthropods!
193
arthropod cuticles
exoskeleton of protein and chitin
Attachment for muscles
Prevents drying out
194
Arthropod senses
Well developed
Simple eyes - detect light compound eyes - form images
olfactory receptors - smell
antennae - touch/smell/taste
195
Arthropod Respiration
Terrestrial breathe through holes called spiracles that lead to trachea
Aquatic breathe with gills
196
Subphylum Chelicerata
Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Chelicerata –
Horseshoe crabs (marine) and arachnids (terrestrial)
2 body regions: Cephalothorax + abdomen
Simple eye (single lens)
197
Chelicerates anatomy
Chelicera - pincers/ fangs
Pedipalps -sensing, feeding, defense, reproduction
4 pairs walking legs
198
Horseshoe “crabs”
Subphylum Chelicerata
marine
Not true crabs
“living fossils”
199
Arachnids
Subphylum Chelicerata
spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites
200
spiders
most common arachnids
pierce prey with hollow chelicerae,
secrete digestive juices, suck up fluid
Make silk for webs, dispersal, escape
Well-developed eyes
201
Ambush predators
well camouflaged and ambush their prey on flowers
202
Subphylum Myriapoda
Phylum Arthropoda
Millipedes & centipedes
“many legs”
All terrestrial
Body Regions: Head + many, many body segments
203
Millipedes
pairs legs / segment
Typically live in humid conditions - forest floor, leaf litter, dead wood, soil
Most can burrow into soil
Detritivores – eat decaying plant matter
Important decomposers, especially of leaf litter
204
Centipedes
1 pair legs/ segment
Also found in soil, leaf litter, logs…
Predators, stab prey with poison fangs, eat other arthropods
205
Subphylum Crustacea
Phylum Arthropoda
Most are marine, freshwater
3 body regions: Head, thorax, abdomen
Lots of appendages!
206
Crustaceans head anatomy
sensory appendages – antennae
Feeding appendages –
mandibles - jaws
Maxillae - tasting, manipulating food
Maxillipeds - feeding
207
Crustaceans body anatomy
Thorax
Chelipeds – pinchers, defense
Walking legs - locomotion
Abdomen
Swimmerets - locomotion
208
Crustacean examples
lobster, crayfish, shrimp, crabs
Have carapace over dorsal side
Most are scavengers
209
Plankton
contains tiny crustaceans
Crustacean larvae
Krill – tiny shrimp-like creatures
4-5 tons biomass in Southern Ocean
Important base of food chain
210
Barnacles
sessile crustaceans
hard shell - calcium carbonate
anchor to surfaces
Live in shallow, intertidal areas
filter feeders – jointed legs are modified into feathery cirri
hermaphrodites
211
Class Insecta - Insects
Phylum Arthropoda
80% of all animals are arthropods.
75% of all animals are insects.
Insect are the most diverse taxa of animals
only invertebrates that can fly
212
Insecta evolution
First insects appear in Paleozoic
after colonization of land by animals,
after evolution of vascular plants,
before first seed plants
Major radiation of pollinating insects after evolution of flowering plants
213
Characteristics of Insects
3 body regions
Head
Thorax
abdomen
3 pairs of legs
0- 2 pairs wings
214
Insect sensory organs
Compound eyes + simple eyes
1 pair antennae
215
Butterflies mouthparts
Siphoning – suck nectar
216
True bugs mouthparts
Piercing-sucking – suck plant fluid, insect fluid
217
Incomplete metamorphosis
Juveniles look like adults
Life stages: egg, nymph, adult
nymphs eat
adults have wings and are sexually mature
Insects molt to grow larger
218
Complete metamorphosis
juveniles do not look like adults
Life stages: egg, larva, pupa, adult
larvae eat
adults have wings and are sexually mature
Insects molt to grow larger
219
Why are insects important? Disservices
Human parasites
Insect vectored diseases
Crop pests
Forestry pests
Structural pests
220
Human Parasites (insects)
Blood feeders
Live in hair or clothes
Move by crawling
221
Insect Vectored Diseases
mosquitos and malaria
fever, headache, coma, death
250 million people infected/yr
730,000 deaths
Mostly kids under 5
222
Crop Pests (insects)
An average of 15%-20% of crops worldwide lost to insects
Losses through direct feeding or disease transmission
$4.34 billion/yr spent on insecticides in US
223
Forest pest
insects cost estimated $5 billion/yr in US in timber loss
Homeowner and government removal costs
Decreased property values
224
Structural Pests
termites and more
Estimated 10% of species are structural pests
Rests are detritivores, important for recycling wood and plant material
225
Insect Services
Pollination
Natural pest control
Decomposition
Forensics
Recreation
226
Pollination Insect Services
Primarily pollination from bees
3/4 of the leading food crops globally dependent upon animal pollination (primarily from insects)
$213 billion/ yr globally
227
Natural Pest Control
Working with natural enemies already in the agroecosystem
Predators Suppress Aphids!
228
Insects decompose
animal waste and decaying animals
229
Recreation Insects
Hunting
insects are important components of ecosystems humans use for entertainment
230
Phylum Echinodermata
Spiny skin
Sea stars, sea urchins
Slow moving, sessile
Thin epidermis, hard exoskeleton
Symmetry
larvae have bilateral symmetry
adults penta-radial
231
Echinoderms move how?
move and eat using a water vascular system
Canals branch into tube feet
Used for locomotion, feeding
232
Put the path of the water through the Water Vascular system in order
Around the ring canal (Ring)
In the madreporite (M)
Into the tube feet (TF)
Into the radial canals (Rad)
In the madreporite (M)
Around the ring canal (Ring)
Into the radial canals (Rad)
Into the tube feet (TF)
233
Sea stars facts
echinoderm predators
Short spines
5 arms, can regenerate
Eat bivalves
Ejestable stomach
234
Sea urchins facts
Long spines
mouth on bottom
eat sea weed
Prey for sea stars, sea otters, other predators
235
Sea cucumbers facts
echinoderm detritivores
Mouth tentacles used in feeding
modified tube feet
Ejestable respiratory tree to escape predators
236
Phylum Cordata 4 derived traits
notochords (vertebrate development and such)
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Post-anal tail
Pharyngeal slits or clefts
237
notochord
flexible rod for skeletal support
running length of body
between digestive tube and nerve cord
In humans, becomes part of disks between vertebrae
238
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
develops into the Central Nervous System
Formed from ectoderm rolling into tube
Central Nervous System = brain + spinal cord
239
Pharyngeal slits or clefts
a series of arches that allow water to exit the mouth without entering the digestive tract
240
Different purposes of pharyngeal slits:
Invertebrate chordates – for filter feeding
Fishes – used for gas exchange, gills
In tetrapods, form into parts of ear, head, neck
241
Muscular, post-anal tail
extends posterior to anus
Tail contains skeleton and muscles
242
Which of the following is NOT a shared, derived traits of chordates?
1. Muscular, post-anal tail
2. notochord
3. Vertebrae
4. Pharyngeal slits
5. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
3. Vertebrae
243
2 Main Cordate Invertebrate Species
Lancelets and Tunicates
244
Lancelets
invertebrate chordates
filter feed plankton through their gills
245
Tunicates
invertebrate chordates
Chordate characters as larvae
Becomes sessile as adult
246
Subphylum Vertebrata
Cordate Vertebrate Species
247
Chordate vertebrates that evolved before jaws
Hagfish
Lampreys
248
Hagfish
Bottom-dwelling scavengers, feed on sick, dying fish
249
Lampreys
parasites on other fish
250
Chordate vertebrates with jaws (not two fish)
Gnathostomes
251
jaw bones evolution
Skeletal rods in pharyngeal slits
252
gnathostomes - Cartilaginous fishes
Sharks, skates, rays, etc.
Sharks swim constantly
keep water moving over gills for breathing
Oily liver – buoyancy
Powerful swimmers, dorsal fins for stability, pectoral and pelvic fins for maneuvering
253
Placoid scales
tiny teeth!
254
Osteichthyans gnathostomes with jaws and vertebrates
bony fish
Red lionfish, sea horse, Fine-spotted moray eel
255
Ray-finned fishes
bony rays in fins
use an operculum to draw water into gills
256
operculum
bony flap over gills
257
swim bladder in Ray-finned fishes
air filled sac, allows fish to adjust its buoyancy to float at different depths
258
Lobe-fins
Bones & muscles in fins/limbs
descendants of ray-finned fish with muscle and bones in their fins/limbs
Coelocanths
Lungfishes
tetrapods
259
Lungfishes
found in swamps, stagnant ponds
have both lungs and gills;
can estivate in mud
260
Tiktaalik
Neck vertebrate allow up/down, side/side movement
Ribs for land breathing
Humerus, radius, ulna in fins
