Bioenergetics Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
The sum of all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the dynamic state of a cell or organism
A
Metabolism
2
Q
Series of biochemical reactions
A
Pathway
3
Q
The process of breaking down large nutrient molecules into smaller molecules with the concurrent production of energy
A
Catabolism
3
Q
Sum of catabolism and anabolism
A
Metabolism
4
Q
Process of synthesizing larger molecules from smaller ones
A
Anabolism
4
Q
Where replication takes place
A
Nucleus
5
Q
Remove damaged cellular components and some unwanted foreign materials
A
Lysosomes
5
Q
oxidative process that releases energy
A
exothermic
6
Q
reduction process that requires energy
A
endothermic
6
Q
the loss of electrons
A
oxidation
6
Q
the substance that
gains the electrons is called?
A
oxidizing agent
7
Q
the substance that
loses the electrons is called?
A
reducing agent
8
Q
agents for the transfer of electrons in biological oxidation-reduction reactions
A
FAD/FADH2
8
Q
the gain of electrons
A
reduction
9
Q
Carbon in most reduced form
A
alkane
9
Q
agents for the transfer of electrons in biological oxidation-reduction reactions
A
NAD+/NADH
10
Q
Carbon in most oxidized form
A
CO2 (final product of
catabolism)
11
Q
agents for the storage and transfer of phosphate groups.
A
AMP, ADP, and ATP
12
Q
An agent for the transfer of acetyl groups
A
Coenzyme A; abbreviated CoA or CoA-SH
13
Q
most important compound involved in the
transfer of phosphate groups
A
ATP
14
Q
ATP contains what bonds?
A
- 2 phosphoric anhydride bonds
- 1 phosphoric ester bond
15
Q
a common currency for the storage and transfer of energy
A
ATP
16
Q
T or F: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a biological oxidizing agent
A
True
17
Q
T or F: Hydrolysis of a phosphoric anhydride liberates less energy than the hydrolysis of a phosphoric ester
A
False - more energy
18
a universal carrier of phosphate groups
ATP
19
Succinate to Fumarate
FAD to FADH2
20
Malate to Oxaloacetate
NADH+ to NADH w/ H+
21
inhibited by ATP, and NADH; also product
inhibition by citrate
Citrate synthase
22
activated by ADP and NAD+, inhibited by ATP and NADH
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
23
inhibited by ATP and NADH; activated by ADP and NAD+
a-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
24
Oxidative phosphorylation is carried out by four closely related multi-subunit membrane-bound complexes and two electron carriers
1. coenzyme Q
2. cytochrome c
25
What complex transforms NADH to NAD+, thus releasing 2 moles of H+
Complex I
26
What complex transforms CoQH2 to COQ, thus releasing 2 moles of H+ (in addition to reduction of 2 moles of cytochrome c)
Complex III
27
What complex transforms FADH to FAD
Complex II
28
What complex transforms oxygen air and protons into water
Complex IV
29
This complex is also known as cytochrome oxidase
Complex IV
30
Who proposed the chemiosmotic theory?
Peter Mitchell
31
T or F: There is a higher concentration of H+ in the intermembrane space than inside
the mitochondria
True
32
This proton gradient provides the driving force to propel protons back into the
mitochondrion through the enzyme complex called?
proton-translocating ATPase
33
Number of ATP molecules produced per mole of GTP
1 ATP
34
Number of ATP molecules produced per mole of FADH2
1.5 to 2 ATP
35
Number of ATP molecules produced per mole of NADH
2.5 to 3 ATP
36
The body maintains a K+ concentration gradient across cell membranes
higher inside and lower outside
36
It maintains a Na+ concentration gradient across cell membranes
lower inside, higher outside
37
ATP drives the alternating association and dissociation of actin and myosin and, consequently, the contraction and relaxation of muscle tissue
Mechanical energy
38
Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP yields 7.3 kcal/mol; Some of this energy is released as heat to maintain body temperature
Heat energy
39
Standard set of conditions used for comparisons of chemical reactions
Standard states
40
This reaction occurs without added energy
Spontaneous reaction
41
States that when a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system reacts so as to minimize the effect of that stress
Le Chatelier's principle
42
Equation that shows either the oxidative or the reductive part of an oxidation–reduction reaction
Half reaction
43
Nonprotein substance that takes part in an
enzymatic reaction and is regenerated at the end of the reaction
Coenzyme
44
Functional group involved in the reaction; Derivative of nicotinic acid
Nicotinamide portion
45
Involves a metabolite bonding to some other molecule
Activation in bioenergetics
46
Provide the reducing power needed for the
anabolic processes of biosynthesis in reduced form
Coenzymes
47
bonds that require or release
convenient amounts of energy, depending on the direction of the reaction
“High Energy” bonds
48
This is an essential high energy bond-containing compound
ATP
49
first stage of glucose metabolism
Glycolysis
50
A very important biomolecule – plays a
key role in the energy extraction
Pyruvate
51
Anaerobic glycolysis produces what?
lactate
52
Aerobic oxidation ptoduces what?
6 CO2 and 6 H2O
53
Anaerobic alcoholic fermentation produces what?
2 CO2 and 2 ethanol
54
[Glycolytic Pathway] glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate
Isomerization
55
[Glycolytic Pathway] glucose to glucose-6-phosphate
Phosphorylation
56
[Glycolytic Pathway] fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Phosphorylation
57
[Glycolytic Pathway] fructose-1,6,-bisphosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihyroxyacetone phosphate
Cleavage
58
[Glycolytic Pathway] dihyroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
Isomerization
59
[Glycolytic Pathway] glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
Oxidation
60
[Glycolytic Pathway] 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP to give 3-phosphoglycerate
Phosphate transfer
61
[Glycolytic Pathway] 3-phosphoglycerate to give 2-phosphoglycerate
Isomerization
62
[Glycolytic Pathway] 2-phosphoglycerate to give phosphoenolpyruvate
Dehydration
63
[Glycolytic Pathway] phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP to give pyruvate
Phosphate transfer
64
[TCA Cycle] acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate to citric acid
Condensation
65
[TCA Cycle] citric acid to isocitrate
Isomerization
66
[TCA Cycle] isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate
Oxidation
67
[TCA Cycle] ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA
Oxidative decarboxylation
68
[TCA Cycle] succinyl-CoA to succinate
Hydrolysis
69
[TCA Cycle] succinate to fumarate
Oxidation
70
[TCA Cycle] fumarate to L-malate
Hydration
71
[TCA Cycle] malate to oxaloacetate
Oxidation
72
Isocitrate is oxidized to a-ketoglutarate through what reaction?
isocitrate dehydrogenase
73
isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction produces
CO2 and NADH
74
inhibited by ATP and NADH; also product inhibition by acetyl-CoA
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
75
transport metabolites between mitochondria and cytosol
Shuttle mechanisms
76
found in mammalian brain and muscles; this shuttle produces 1.5 ATP in the mitochondria for each cytosolic NADH
Glycerol phosphate shuttle
77
found in mammalian kidney, liver, and heart; this shuttle 2.5 mitochondrial ATP for each cytosolic NADH
Malate-Aspartate Shuttle
78
Complete breakdown requires _______ to degrade the a(1->6) linkages
debranching enzymes
79
one whose carbon skeleton is degraded to pyruvate or oxaloacetate, both of which may then be converted to glucose
Glucogenic amino acid
80
one whose carbon skeleton is degraded to acetyl-CoA or acetoacetyl-CoA, both of which may then be converted to ketone bodies
Ketogenic amino acid
81
catalyze hydrolysis of bonds between fatty acid and the rest of triacylglycerols
Lipases
82
catalyze hydrolysis of bonds between fatty acid and the rest of phosphoacylglycerols
Phospholipases
83
a series of reactions that cleaves carbon atoms two at a time from the carboxyl end of a fatty acid
B-Oxidation
84
Hydration of the carbon-carbon double bond
Reaction 2
85
Oxidation of the a,B carbon-carbon single bond to a carbon-carbon double bond
Reaction 1
86
Oxidation of the B-hydroxyl group to a carbonyl group
Reaction 3
87
Cleavage of the carbon chain by a reverse Claisen reaction
Reaction 4
