Biosynthetic Pathways

Question 1

If a normal biosynthetic pathway is blocked, the organism can often use the reverse of the degradation pathway for synthesis

Answer 1

Flexibility

Question 2

This disturbs a system at dynamic equilibrium and shifts the equilibrium in the direction that counteracts the change

Answer 2

Le Chatelier’s Principle

Question 3

Increasing reactant concentration

Answer 3

favors product formation (shifts right)

Question 4

Increasing product concentration

Answer 4

favors reactant formation (shifts left)

Question 5

Increasing temperature

Answer 5

favors endothermic (cold) reaction

Question 6

Decreasing temperature

Answer 6

favors exothermic (hot) reaction

Question 7

Increasing pressure

Answer 7

favors the side with less molecule

Question 8

Decreasing pressure

Answer 8

favors the side with more molecules

Question 9

What takes place in the conversion of CO2 to carbohydrates in plants?

Answer 9

Photosynthesis

Question 10

Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

Answer 10

Glucogenesis

Question 11

What kind of sources are pyruvate, citric acid cycle intermediates, and glucogenic amino acids?

Answer 11

Non-carbohydrate sources

Question 12

T or F: Glucogenesis is the not the exact reversal of glucogenesis

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What are the irreversible steps in glycolysis?

Answer 13

1. Phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP to pyruvate + ATP
2. Fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-biphosphate
3. Glucose to glucose 6-phosphate

Question 14

Steps in Glucogenesis? (after pyruvate)

Answer 14

1. Oxaloacetate
2. Phosphoenolpyruvate
3. Fructose 1,6-biphosphate
4. Fructose 6-phosphate
5. Glucose 6-phosphate
6. Glucose

Question 15

Converted to other hexoses and to di-, oligo-, and polysaccharides

Answer 15

Glucose

Question 16

Activation of glucose by Uridine Triphosphate (UTP) forms?

Answer 16

Uridine Diphosphate Glucose (UDP-glucose) + Pi

Question 17

Where does lactate from glycolysis in muscle is transported to?

Answer 17

Liver

Question 18

T or F: Glucogenesis converts lactate back to glucose in the cori cycle

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Synthesis of glycogen from glucose

Answer 19

Glucogenesis

Question 20

Where does the DEGRADATION of fatty acids take place?

Answer 20

Mitochondria

Question 21

Where does majority of fatty acids SYNTHESIS take place?

Answer 21

Cytosol

Question 22

The end product of each spiral of b-oxidation

Answer 22

Acetyl COA

Question 23

Fatty acids are synthesized ___ atoms?

Answer 23

2

Question 24

What is the multienzyme complex in fatty acid synthesis?

Answer 24

Acyl carrier protein (ACP-SH)

Question 25

T or F: ACP has a side chain that carries the growing fatty acid

Answer 25

True

Question 26

T or F: ACP rotates clockwise

Answer 26

False - counterclockwise

Question 27

Steps in Fatty Acid Biosynthesis

Answer 27

1. Conversion to acetyl-ACP 2. Conversion to acetyl-synthase intermediate 3. Conversion to acetoacetyl-ACP 4. Conversion to butyryl-ACP 5. Conversion to hexanoyl-ACP 6. Conversion to plamitic acid 7. Conversion to stearic acid (for additional carbon fragment)

Question 28

What are the 2 building blocks for the synthesis of membrane lipids?

Answer 28

1. Acyl COA derivatives 2. Glycerol 1-phosphate

Question 29

What is obtained during the reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate?

Answer 29

Glycerol 1-phosphate

Question 30

What is the product when Acyl COA and Glycerol 1-phosphate is combined?

Answer 30

Phosphatidate

Question 31

An activated serine, choline, or ethanolamine is added to the phosphatidate by formation of a ____________?

Answer 31

Phosphoric ester

Question 32

Steps in Cholesterol Synthesis (after 3 moles of Acetyl-COA)

Answer 32

1. Conversion to 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA 2. Conversion to mevalonate 3. Conversion to isopentenyl pyrophosphate 4. Conversion to geranyl pyrophosphate 5. Conversion to farnesyl pyrophosphate

Question 33

Isopentyl pyrophosphateis the key building block of?

Answer 33

1. Steriods 2. Bile acids

Question 34

What is the building block for the synthesis of geranyl pyrophosphate (C10) and farnesyl pyrophosphate (C15)?

Answer 34

Isopentenyl pyrophosphate

Question 35

Serves as an intermediate in the synthesis of several amino acids

Answer 35

Glutamate

Question 36

Synthesis of several amino acids by the transfer of its amino group is called?

Answer 36

Transamination