bioenergetics Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
what is the equation symbol of photosynthesis
A
6CO2+ 6H20——> C6H12O6+6O2
2
Q
photosynthesis produces _______ using __________
A
glucose using light
3
Q
how does photosythesis work
A
- uses enegry to chnage carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen
4
Q
where does photosythesis take place
A
cholorpasts in green plant cells
- cholorophyll abosrbs the light
5
Q
how is enegry transfered to the chloroplasts from the enviroment
A
through light
6
Q
is photosythesis endothermic or exothermic
A
endothermic
7
Q
what do planst sue glucose for
A
- respiration
- making amino acids
- making cellucose
- stored as oils or fats
- stored as starch
8
Q
What is the molecular formula for glucose?
A
C6H12O6
9
Q
How do plants get the carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis?
A
It diffuses from the air into the leaves via stomata
10
Q
How do plants get the water required for photosynthesis?
A
It diffuses from the soil into the root hair cells by osmosis
11
Q
What makes starch a useful long term storage molecule?
A
It is insoluble in water
It can easily be broken down when needed
It is compact
12
Q
Which useful energy transfer or conversion happens overall in photosynthesis?
A
Light ➔ chemical
13
Q
Why may plants produce insufficient chlorophyll?
A
They have a disease like Tobacco Mosaic Virus
They lack the required nutrients
these cause chloroplasts to get damaged
14
Q
what are the factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis
A
- light intensity
- amount of carbon dioxide
- temperature
- amount of chlorophyll
15
Q
explain how the rate of photosynthesis varies with temperature.
A
- photosynthesis rises with temperature as the particles have more energy and move more quickly. This means they can react more quickly
- as temperature rises above the optimum temperature for the enzymes involved, the enzymes may start to break down. This decreases the rate until it falls to zero
16
Q
How can farmers ensure that photosynthesis takes place 24 hours a day?
A
artifical light
17
Q
what are two benefits of parrifan heaters
A
release
- heat
- carbon dioxide
18
Q
what is respiration
A
the process of transferring energy from glucose which goes on in every cell
19
Q
Is respiration an exothermic or endothermic reaction?
A
exothermic becuase it relases enegry
20
Q
Which process in plants produces the glucose required for respiration?
A
photosnythesis
21
Q
what are examples about how organisms use the energy transferred by respiration
A
- muscle contraction
- maintain body temperature
- build up larger molecules from smaller ones
22
Q
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
A
Glucose + oxygen ➔ carbon dioxide + water
23
Q
What is glucose converted to during anaerobic respiration in animals?
A
lactic acid
24
Q
what is the word equation of anarobic repiration in plants and fungi
A
Glucose ➔ ethanol + carbon dioxide
25
What are the two reasons animals cells prefer aerobic respiration to anaerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration doesn't break down the glucose molecule completely, and so releases less energy than aerobic respiration
-Anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid which can damage cells and leads to an oxygen debt
26
Which type of respiration is more efficient, aerobic or anaerobic?
aerobic
27
Which type of respiration requires oxygen, aerobic or anaerobic?
aerobic
28
why do muscles need enegry from repiration
to contract
29
the increase in repsiration in your cells means you need to get more ________ to them
oxygen
30
why do your breathing increase while doing excersize
to get more oxygen to the blood
31
why doe syour heart rate increase while doing excersize
to get more oxygen aroun dthe body rapidly - removes CO2 at teh same time more rapidly
32
what is oxygen debt
the amount of oxygen the body needs to react with the build of of lactic acid to remove it from the body cells
33
what happens when oxygen reacts with latic acid
forms CO2 and oxygen
34
what happens when you do vigorous excersize
- body cant supply oxygen fast enough
- start respirating anaerobically
35
what is anaerobic repsiration not good
lactic acid builds up in muscles which gets painful
36
was is mucle fatigue
- muscles get tired and stop contracting efficiently
37
why do we breath hard after stopping vigiorous excerzise
- to get more oxygen into blood to repay oxygen taht didnt get to muscle cells in time - oxygen debt releif
38
plus and breathing rate stay ____ whist there are high levels or latic acid
high
39
what is anotehr way that sint debt releif taht the body copes with high levels of latic acid
- blood that enters muscles transports latic acid to liver where it is convereted back to glucose
40
how can you measure bretahing rate
- counting breaths
- heart rate
41
hwo can you investigate the effect of excersize on the body?
take pulse after
- 5 mins sitting
- 5 mins gentle walking
- 5 mins jogging
- 5 mins running
- do it in a group to reduce random errors
42
Which type of respiration leads to the build up of lactic acid, aerobic or anaerobic?
anaerobic
43
why is a led light source used in a photosynthesis practical
they dont realse much heat - too much heat would change the temperature of the experiment
44
what are the steps in photosythesis practical
_ SYRGINE
- boiling tube 10cm away from LED light source
- fill boiling tube with water
- pond weed into boiling tube with cut end at top
- pond weed is left to photosythesis for a set amount of time
- as it photosythesises oxygen released will collect in the capillary tube
- end of experiment - syringe used to draw the gas bubbles in tube alongslide a ruler and length of gas bubbles is measured
- repeated twice to calculate mean volume at that distance
- repeated with light source at different distances from pond weed
45
if you wanted to use a normal light bulb in photosythesis practical what adpatation would you have to make
place beaker of water inbetween light bulb and boiling tube becuase it absorbs the heat
46
why do we use sodium hydrogen carbonate in photosynthesis practical
- realeases carbon dioxide which is needed for photosythesis
47
what are issues with photosynthesis practical
- number of bubbles to fast to count
- bubbles are not always same size
48
what can we do instead of counting bubbles produced in photosynthesis practical
measuring volume of oxygen produced
49
how does glucose make ammino acids
it is combined with nitrate ions which are absorbed from the soil to make ammino acids
50
why do plants store glucose as starch
stored in roots + leaves
- good for in winter when photosythesis isnt happening
- starch in insoluble which makes it better for storing glucose
51
why is starch better for storing than glocuse
starch is insoluble
- if glucose was stored it would draw in loads of water and the cell would swell up
52
how can insufficient chlorophyll affect the rate of photosythesis
if not enough chlorophyll is made then not as much light is absorbed
53
what happens when the light level is raised in photosynthesis
the rate of photosythesis increases until certain point - beyond that point as light intensity increases the rate will no longer increase because temp or Co2 will now become the limiting factor
54
at what temperature can plants get too hot for the enzymes to be destroyed in photosythesis
45 degrees
55
what happens if the temperature is too low in photo synthesis
the ezymes needed for photosythesis will work more slowly
56
what happens when the CO2 levels is raised in photosynthesis
the rate of photosythesis increases until certain point -beyond that point as co2 increases the rate will no longer increase because temp or light intensity will now become the limiting factor
57
in the photosynthesis experiment was is the length of gas bubbles measured proportional to
the volume of O2 produced
58
what is the control variable in photosynthesis practical
temperature of water
size of pond weed
volume of water
59
what is the independant variable in the photosythesis practical
the light intensity
60
what is the dependant variable in the photosythesis practical
the number of oxygen bubbles given off
61
What is the purpose of repeating the experiment at different distances?
to investigate the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis
62
how can the photosythesis experiment be altered to find the effect of the temperature on photosythesis
west tube of pond weed put in a waterbath with a set temperature
repeated wthe different temperatures of water
63
how can the photosythesis experiment be altered to find the effect of the CO2 levels on photosynthesis
a measured amount of sodium hydro carbonate dissolved in the water with pond weed in it
repeated with different concentration
64
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65
what is the most common way to artifically grow plants in ideal enviroments
green houses
66
what do green houses do
helps trap the suns heats the temperature doesnt become a limiting factor
67
how might farmers keep ideal temperature in their green houses at winter
use heaters
68
how might farmers keep ideal temperature in their green houses at summer
use shades or ventilation to cool green house down of too hot
69
how can farmers increase the levels of carbon dioxide in green houses
paraffin heaters
70
whats good about green houses
- enclosed so it makes it easier to keep plants from pests
- if conditions are right plants will grow much faster and there will be more crops at harvest which can then be sold
71
what is metabolism
all the chemical reactions in an organism
72
in a cell what are chemical reactions controlled by
enzymes
73
what is aerobic respiration
respiration using oxygen
- most efficent way to transfer energy from photosynthesis
74
what is the symbol equation for for aerobic repsiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H20
75
when is anaerobic respiration used
when your body cant supply enough oxygen to your muscles
e.g vigorous supersize
76
what is anaerobic respiration
respiration without oxygen
- incomplete breakdown of glucose creating lactic acid
77
how much energy does anaerobic respiration transfer compared to aerobic respiration
does not transfer nearly as much becuase the glucose isnt fully oxidised
78
what happens when plants and yeast respire anaerobically
they produce ethanol and carbon dioxide instead of latic acid
79
what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in muscles
glucose -> lactic acid
80
what is anaerobic respiration in yeast cells called
fermentation
81
why is fermentation good in the food and drinks industry
- in bread making - carbond dioxide from fermentation makes bread rise
- in beer and wine making - fermentation is the process that produces alchohol
82
why is anarobic repsiration not the best way way to transfer energy from glucose
becuase it produces latic acd which builds up in the muscles which can be really painful
83
what is muscle fatigue
when muscles get tired and stop contracting efficently
84
what causes muscle fatigue
exerciseing for long periods of time
85
Which organ in the body removes the lactic acid from the blood.
liver
86
why does a swimmers demand for oxygen increase during exercise
because of the increased rate of aerobic respiration
87
what are two changes to the heart that helps deliver more oxygen.
increased stroke volume - heart beats more frequently
- heart rate increase
88
what is the product of anaerobic respiration and how does its processing relate to oxygen debt
lactic acid is produced
- oxygen debt refers to the amount of oxygen needed to react with the build of of lactic acid to remove it from the body cells
- to restore normal muscle function after exercise
89
how could students adapat the photosythesis practical to make it more accurate
( if they didnt use a measuring cylinder of gas syringe use that)
- repeat experiment multiple times at each distance and calculate average
90
symbol equation for glucose
C6H12O6
91
how to set up photosyhthesis practicle
- No sygrine
- put pond weed in boiling tube
- boiling tube clamped to keep it still
- sodium hydrogen carbonate solution/water in boiling tube to encourage pond weed to photosynthesis
- cut stem on pond weed
- place boiling tube 10cm away from light source
92
how to do photosythesis practicale
- no syringe
- turn on light
- leave the pond weed to adjust for a minuet
- start stop watch
- count number of bubbles produced in a minuet
- repeat at 20cm, then 30cm and so on
93
What are the two reasons animals cells prefer aerobic respiration to anaerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration doesn't break down the glucose molecule completely, and so releases less energy than aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid which can damage cells and leads to an oxygen debt
