organisation Flashcards
(208 cards)
1
Q
whats ms clarkes song about cell organisation
A
cells make up tissues tissues make up organs organs make up systems and systems make up organisms
2
Q
what makes tissues
A
a group of similar cells
3
Q
what makes up organs
A
a group of different tissues
4
Q
What is the cardiovascular system an example of?
A
a organ system
5
Q
In plants, what are leaves examples of?
A
an organ
6
Q
Which of the following organs are part of the cardiovascular system?
Heart
Lungs
Blood vessels
Spleen
Bones
A
heart and blood vessels
7
Q
Explain, using an example, why the digestive system is considered an ‘organ system’.
A
The digestive system is considered an organ system because it consists of a group of organs that work together to perform the common function. of digesting and absorbing our food
For example the pancreas or the stomach
8
Q
Are most chemical reactions naturally fast or slow?
A
slow
9
Q
Give two reasons why we can’t just make our cells even warmer to increase the rate of reactions?
A
Heating our cells more would require a lot of energy
Higher temperatures could damage our cells
Higher temperatures would also speed up non-useful reactions
10
Q
what is a catalyst?
A
A catalyst is a substance that increases the speed of a chemical reaction without being used up or changed in the process.
11
Q
An ______ is a special type of catalyst that is made by a living organism. We sometimes call them ______ catalysts.
Enzymes are large proteins, so made from a long chain of _____ acids.
A
An enzyme is a special type of catalyst that is made by a living organism. We sometimes call them biological catalysts.
Enzymes are large proteins, so made from a long chain of amino acids.
12
Q
What is the name of special region of an enzyme that binds to the substrate?
A
active site
13
Q
In order for an enzyme to catalyse a reaction, the active site of the enzyme must be _____________ to the substrate.
A
complementary
14
Q
what is the lock and key model
A
At first, scientists thought that in order for an enzyme to catalyse a reaction, the substrate had to fit perfectly into the active site.
15
Q
what is the induced fit model?
A
in order for an enzyme to catalyse a reaction, the enzymes active site actually changes shape slightly as it binds to the substrate.
16
Q
what do digestive enzymes do?
A
they break down big molecules into smaller ones like sugar and amino acids so they can easily pass through the digestive system and be absorbed into the blood stream
17
Q
what is amylase and what does it do
A
amylase is a carbohydrase and it breaks down starch
18
Q
where is amylase made?
A
salivary glands
pancreas
small intestine
19
Q
what do proteases do?
A
they convert proteins into amino acids
20
Q
where are proteases made
A
- stomach
- pancreas
- small intestine
21
Q
what does bile do?
A
bile neutralises the stomach acid and emulsifies fats
22
Q
bile is made in the _____ and is stored in the ____ _______ before it is released into the _____ __________
A
bile is made in the liver and is stored in the gall bladder before it is released into the small intestine
23
Q
is bile alkali or acidic
A
alkali
24
Q
what is bile used for
nuetralising
A
because there is hydrocluric acid in the stomach the ph is to acidic for enzymes
bile is alkali and nuetrilizes the acid and makes the conditions alkaline becuase the enzymes work best in alkaline conditions
25
what is bile used for
| emulsifying
bile breaks down fats into tiny droplets which make sthe surface area larger increasing the speed of digestion
26
what is a lipid
fats and oils
27
what does lipases do
lipases converts lipids into glycerol and fatty acids
28
where a lipases made
- small intestine
- pancrease
29
Why do we need lipids?
To provide energy for chemical reactions
To insulate us and regulate our body temperature
30
Which vitamin or mineral ion is important for good vision and healthy hair and skin?
VITAMIN A
31
Which mineral is important for strong bones?
calcium
32
Which disease can be caused by lack of vitamin C?
scurvy
33
Why do we need fibre?
To help food move through our intestines
34
What are the 3 main ways by which we lose water from the body?
- breathing
- sweating
- unrinating
35
_______ is a polymer of glucose, produced by plants.
Starch is a polymer of glucose, produced by plants.
36
Which two of the following are examples of protease enzymes?
Maltase
Lipase
Pepsin
Trypsin
Pepsin
Trypsin
37
Is bile an enzyme?
no
38
what is the digestive systems two main roles
- absorption
- digestion
39
When we chew food, our teeth physically break the food down into smaller pieces.
How does this help?
- easier to swallow
- surface area is larger making it easier for enzymes to act apon
40
What is the main role of the large intestine?
absorb water
41
how is villi adapted for its role
- large surface area so digested food can be absorbed quicker
- good blood stream to maintain the concentration gradient
- single layer of surface cells so nutrients only have to diffuse a short distance
42
what does the villi do?
absorb nutrients
43
what is the order of the digestive system
- mouth chews food
- salivary glands
- gullet/ oesophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
- rectum
44
where are the lungs
in the thorax which is in the top part of the body
45
the lungs are separated from the lower part of the body by the ___________
diaphragm
46
the lungs are surrounded by the __________ _________ and are protected by the _____
the lungs are surrounded by the pleural membranes and are protected by the ribcage
47
what is the trachea
a tube where air passes through to get into the lungs
48
what is a key feature of the trachea?
it contains rings of cartilage so it prevents the trachea from collapsing during inhaling
49
what are bronchi
the trachea splits in two smaller tubes called bronchi which go into the lungs
50
what are bronchioles
the bronchi subdivide into smaller tubes called bronchioles
51
at the end of each bronchioles there are tiny ____ ____ called ______
at the end of each bronchioles there are tiny air sacs called alveoli
52
what is gas exchange
gas exchange is when gases diffuse in and out of the blood stream
53
what do aveloli do
they are the sites of gas exchange
54
what are the adaptations of aveoli that make gas exchange fast as possible
- lots of them in lungs so there is a large surface area
- good blood supply so it maintains the concentration gradient
- thin walls so diffusion path is short
- they are moist allowing gases to dissolve
55
how do the adaptations of aveoli make the rate of gas exchange faster
the adaptations mean that oxygen diffuses rapidly into the blood stream and carbon dioxide diffuses rapidly out
56
how does breathing in increase the rate of diffusion?
breathing in brings in fresh oxygen and takes out carbon dioxide which makes the concentration gradient high for gases which increases the rate of diffusion
57
Which organ system are the lungs part of?
the respiratory system
58
Which substance inside red blood cells does oxygen bind to?
Haemoglobin
59
The three parts of the circulatory system are the ______, the _____ _______, and the ______.
The three parts of the circulatory system are the blood, the blood vessels, and the heart.
60
Which statement is always true regarding arteries?
They carry oxygenated blood
They carry blood away from the heart
They carry deoxygenated blood
They carry blood towards the heart
They carry blood away from the heart
61
Which statements is always true for veins?
They usually carry deoxygenated blood
They carry blood away from the heart
They carry blood towards the heart
They usually carry oxygenated blood
They carry blood towards the heart
62
Pacemaker cells are found in which chamber of the heart?
right atrium
63
Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body?
aorta
64
Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?
pulmonary artery
65
which ventricle has thicker walls and why?
the left ventricle because it pumps blood to the whole body so it needs a greater force
the right ventricle of pumps blood to the lungs
66
what is the heart made out of
muscular tissue
67
how many chambers does the heart have
four
68
where are the artia in the heart
at the top left and right of the heart
69
where are the ventricles
in the bottom left and right of the heart
70
the vena cava brings in __________ blood from the body
the blood passes from the heart to the ______ through the __________ _______
- deoxygenated
- lungs
- pulmonary artery
71
what does the oxygenated blood travel through from the lungs back to the heart?
pulmonary vein
72
how is oxygenated blood pumped from the heart to the body
aorta
73
explain the jounrey of blood around the body
- deoxygenated blood enters the heart through the vena cava
- the blood then passes through the heart to lungs through the pulmonary artery
- oxygenated blood is then pumped from the lungs back into the heart through the pulmonary vein
- the oxygenated blood is then pumped to the body through the aorta
74
how does the heart contract to pump blood around the body
- blood enters the left and right atrium.
- the atria contacts and pushes the blood into the ventricles
- the ventricles then contract and force the blood out of the body
- when the ventricles contract the valves shut so the blood wont flow back into the atria
75
what does the circulatory system do?
it pumps blood around the body which has food and oxygen in it/
76
what is a benefit of a double circulatory system
because the blood travels through the heart twice it can rapidly travel to the body cells
77
where does the right ventricle pump blood to?
the right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs
78
where are the coronary arteries
they branch out of the aorta and spread out into the heart muscle
79
what do the coronary arteries do
they provide oxygen to the heart muscle so it can be used in respiration to provide the energy needed for contraction
80
what does a pacemaker do
provides small electric impulse which spreads to muscle cells making them contract
81
what does a artificial pace maker do
corrects irregularities in the heart rate
82
Which substances are waste products that are exchanged between the blood in the capillaries, and the body tissues?
urea
carbon dixoide
83
Which of are nutrients that are exchanged between the blood in the capillaries and the body tissues?
glucose
amino acids
84
what are the 3 different types of blood vessels
- arteries
- capillary
- veins
85
what do arteries do?
take blood away from the heart
86
what do veins do
veins bring blood towards the heart
87
what do capillaries do
exchange of materials at the tissues
88
do arteries carry high or low pressure blood
high pressure blood
89
how are arteries adapted for their role
- thick muscular walls to allow them to withstand the pressure of the blood
-
90
blood travels through the arteries in ______ every time the heart _______
surges
beats
91
to cope with surges of blood in the arteries, they contain ________ ______ that stretch when they surge of blood passes through and _______ between surges to keep the blood _______
- elastic fibres
- recoil
- moving
92
how are capillaries adapted for their role
- thin walls so diffusion path is short
93
how are veins adapted for their role
- because blood is travelling slowly sometimes it stops and even moves backwards
- the veins contains valves that are open when blood is moving forwards but shuts when blood starts to flow backwards
94
what is a lumen
the space inside a tubular structure
95
What is the role of red blood cells?
To carry oxygen
96
how are red blood cells adapted for their role
- biconcave disc for more surface area so they absorb more oxygen
- no nucleus so more room for oxygen
- red pigment
97
what do white blood cells do
defend against infection
- engulf pathogens
- produce anti toxins - to nuetrilize toxins from pathogens
- antibodies
98
_________ is the process by which a white blood cell binds to, and then engulfs a pathogen, in order to destroy it.
Phagocytosis is the process by which a white blood cell binds to, and then engulfs a pathogen, in order to destroy it.
99
Do white blood cells have a nucleus?
yes
100
What is the role of platelets?
to clot the blood at wounds
101
Give two reasons why it is so important that our blood clots when we are cut.
- to stop blood from coming out
- stop microorganisms from going in
102
Do platelets have a nucleus?
no they are a smalll fragment of cells
103
The blood plasma is a yellowish liquid Its role is to carry large structures like red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, as well as smaller dissolved substances.
Name as many of these smaller dissolved substances as you can.
- antitoxins
- antibodies
- hormones
- red blood cells
- white blood cells
- pathogens
- carbon Dioxide
- glucose
- fatty acids
- glycerol
- amino acids
- urea
- proteins
104
Health can be described as a state of both physical and _______ well being.
Health can be described as a state of both physical and mental well being.
105
what lifestyle factors have a positive effect on health?
Eight hours of sleep each night
Regular exercise
Access to medical care (e.g. vaccines)
106
he term '________' refers to a group of conditions that can cause ill health.
he term 'disease' refers to a group of conditions that can cause ill health.
107
what lifestyle factors have an adverse effect on health?
poor diet
stress
little exercise
smoking
108
What do we mean by 'communicable' diseases.
Diseases that can be spread from person to person
109
s the common cold a communicable or non-communicable disease?
communicable
110
What is the role of the immune system?
to detect and destroy pathogens
111
If your immune system is weakened, which type of diseases do you become more susceptible to?
communicable diseases
112
what are examples of non- communicable disease
- cancer
- diabetes
113
what are examples of communicable disease
Malaria
Tuberculosis
114
hat do we mean by the term 'risk factor' when discussing disease?
Something that increases the chance of developing a disease
115
Which diseases is obesity a risk factor for?
diabetes
heart attacks
116
Which of the following are risk factors for lung cancer?
air pollution
smoking
117
What is bronchitis?
Inflammation of airways in the lungs
118
Which of the following diseases are associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
emphysema
asthma
bronchitis
diabetes
emphysema
bronchitis
119
True or false? In people with emphysema, the alveoli are damaged.
true
120
A _____ is an abnormal mass of cells that forms when a group of cells undergo uncontrolled growth and division.
A tumour is an abnormal mass of cells that forms when a group of cells undergo uncontrolled growth and division.
121
what are the two main types of cancer
benign and malignant
122
Which type of tumour is contained within one area, usually within a membrane?
benign
123
Tumour cells divide by which type of cell division?
mitosis
124
Which type of tumours can invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood?
malignant
125
are both types of tumors considered cancer
no only malignant
126
Can malignant tumours spread to other parts of the body and then form secondary tumours?
yes
127
Smoking is a risk factor for many diseases.
In addition to lung cancer, which of the following cancers is smoking also risk factor for?
Cervical cancer
Mouth cancer
Stomach cancer
128
Which type of cancer is ultraviolet radiation a risk factor for?
skin cancer
129
Which of the following are risk factors for liver cancer?
alcohol
obesity
130
The genes that we inherit can increase the risk of certain diseases. One such gene is the BRCA gene.
Which cancer does BRCA increase the risk of?
- breast cancer
- ovarian cancer
131
What are two characteristics of malignant tumours?
The tumour cells can spread around the body in the blood
They can lead to secondary tumours
132
Which chemical process supplies the majority of the energy required for the contraction of muscle tissue?
aerobic respiration
133
n coronary heart disease, layers of _____ material build up inside the coronary arteries, causing the lumen to get _______.
This reduces the flow of _______ through the coronary arteries, resulting in a lack of ________ and nutrients for the heart muscle.
n coronary heart disease, layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries, causing the lumen to get narrower.
This reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries, resulting in a lack of oxygen and nutrients for the heart muscle.
134
what are the treatments for coronary heart disease
- stent
- statins
135
what do statins do and whats the side affects of them
- slow down the rates of fatty acids building up
- can cause liver problems
136
what do stents do but whats the problem with them
- inserted to keep blood flow normal
- will not prevent other regions from narrowing
137
what are treatments for heart failure?
Replacement with biological heart
Replacement with artificial heart
138
Which type of heart replacement might be rejected by the immune system?
biological heart
139
The palisade mesophyll layer is an example of a:
tissue
140
The upper epidermis is _________ so that light can pass through it. This means that as much light as possible can reach the _________ mesophyll cells below, and be used in photosynthesis.
The upper epidermis is transparent so that light can pass through it. This means that as much light as possible can reach the palisade mesophyll cells below, and be used in photosynthesis.
141
If there is plenty of water in the leaf, guard cells become _______, which ______ the stomata. This allows carbon dioxide to _______ the leaf, but also allows water to escape.
flaccid / turgid / opens / closes / enter / leave
If there is plenty of water in the leaf, guard cells become turgid, which opens the stomata. This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaf, but also allows water to escape.
142
what is translocation
the movement of dissolved sugars and other organic substances from the leaves, where they are produced during photosynthesis, to other parts of the plant where they are needed for growth, storage, or respiration
143
Phloem cells have _________ in their end walls to allow cell sap to pass along the phloem tube.
pores
144
What does the xylem transport in a plant?
water and dissolved minerals
145
How do root hair cells absorb water from the soil?
osmosis
146
How do root hair cells absorb mineral ions from the soil?
active transport
147
Which substance are xylem cells reinforced with to make them stronger?
Lignin
148
What is transpiration?
the movement of minerals from the roots to the leaves through the xylem and out of the leaves
149
what type of blood vessel is in the villi
blood capillary
150
how would you prepare a food sample
1. crush food using pestal + mortar
2. transfer to beaker and add distilled water
3. mix by stiring to dislove some food
4. filter solution with filter paper to get rid of solid bits of food
151
what would you use to test for sugars
benedicts
152
what would you use to test fro starch
iodine
153
what would you use idione for
| food tests
testing for starch
154
what would you use benedicts solution for
| food tests
sugar
155
what kind of foods is sugars found in
breads,ceral,biscuits
156
what are the two types of sugars
reducing and non- reducing
157
which type of sugar can we test for using benedicts
reducing sugars
158
explain the benedicts food test for sugar
- prepare food smaple and transfer to test tube
- prepare a water bath for 75 degree
- put 10 drops of benedicts into test tube
- put in water bath for 5 minuets - pointing away
- if food contains sugar the solution will change colour from blue to green yellow or brick red depending on hw much sugar is in food
159
what does it mean if they benedicts food test ending result colour is brick red
there is a high sugar conecntration in that food
160
what foods contain starch
- potato
- rice
- pasta
161
explain how to do the idione test for starch
- make food table and transfer to test tube
- add few drops of iodine solution and shake gentley to mix
- if starch is present the solution will chnage from red/orange to blue- black
162
what is biurets solution used for
| food tests
protein
163
what would we use to tets for protein
biurets solution
164
what types of food contain protein
- fish
- meat
165
explain how to do the biurets test for protein
- prepare food sample and transfer 2cm cubed of sampel to test tube
- add two cm cubed of biruets solution to sample and gentley shake to mix
- if protein is present then solution will chnage from blue to purple if not it will stay blue
166
what do we use sudan III to test for
lipids
167
what might we use to tets for lipids
sudan III solution
168
what foods contain lipids
- olive oil
- milk
- margarine
169
explain how to use sudan III to test for lipids
- prepare food sample (dont need to filter it) transfer 5cm cubed to test tube
- use pipette to add 3 drops of sudan II and shake gentley to mic
- if lipids are preent than the mixture will seperate into two layer and the top one will be bright red.
- if there are no lipids then the solution will not seperate.
170
in terms of enzyme shape why does an enzyme only catalyses one reaction
The active site can only bind one substrate to form an enzyme-substrate complex
171
how is cancer caused
through the uncontrolled growth and division of cells
172
what is the role of bile and enzymes in the digestion of different foods
bile emulsifies fat which breaks it down and gives a bigger surface area of fat for the enzyme lipase to work on which makes digestion faster
enzymes
break down food molecules into smaller ones that can be absorbed by blood
- amylase breaks starch into sugar
- protease breaks proteins into amino acids
- lipases break lipids into glycerol and fatty acids
173
why does bile neutralise stomach acid
enzymes work better in alkaline conditions
174
which organ is food absorbed in
small intestine
175
why is active transport needed to absorb certain food molecules
to move the molecules from an area of low concentration to high concentration
176
where does photosynthesis happen
the leaves
176
what are mainly the soluble products of photosynthesis
sugars ( glucose)
amino acids
- tehy make up cell sap
177
what is the epidermal tissue
it covers the whole plant
178
what is the palisade mesophyll tissue
the part of the leaf where most photosythesis happens
179
what is the spongy mesophyll tissue
also in the leaf and contains big spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out of the cell
180
what are phloem tubes like
they are made of columns of elongated living cells with small pores in the end walls to allow cell sap to go through
181
what are xylem tubes like
made of dead cells joined end to end with no end walls between them witha hole down the middle
182
how are xylem cells strengthened
by a material called ligin
183
What happens to the rate of transpiration if wind speed increases?
The wind blows away water vapour as soon as it diffuses out of the leaf. This maintains a strong concentration gradient between the inside and outside of the leaf, which increases the rate at which water diffuses out.
184
what happens during gas exchange
- blood passing next to the alveoli has just returned to the lungs from the rest of the body so contains little oxygen and lots of carbon dioxide
- carbon diffuses out of the blood into the alveolus to be breathed out
185
Explain why it is important that we get enough iron in our diet.
Iron is an important component of haemoglobin
Haemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that allows them to transport oxygen around the body
A lack of iron (and hence haemoglobin), can lead to anaemia, where we can't transport enough oxygen to our tissues.
186
Which three elements are found in carbohydrates?
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
187
Is glucose a monomer or a polymer?
monomer
188
Is glycogen a monomer or a polymer?
polymer
189
roteins are mainly made from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and which other element?
nitrogen
190
where a lipids broken down
small intestine
191
what are lipids made from
a single glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules.
192
when starch is broken down my amylase what does it create
maltose molecules
193
Starch is broken down by the enzyme amylase into maltose molecules
what can this be furthur broken down into and by what
they can be broken furthur down into glucose by maltase
194
how do the salivary glands help in digestion
he salivary glands in our mouth release saliva which lubricates the food and makes it easier to swallow.
It also contains the enzyme amylase, which breaks down starch into maltose.
195
3 roles of the stomach
The stomach contracts its muscular walls to churn and mix the food.
It produces pepsin, which is a type of protease enzyme, and breaks proteins down into amino acids.
It produces hydrochloric acid, which a) provides the right pH for pepsin to function, and b) kills microorganisms.
196
what does the pancreas do in the digetsive system
produces enzymes to break down food molecules
197
what does the small intestine do in the digestive system
absorbs nutriets
198
why do we need carbs
To provide energy for chemical reactions
198
Explain how increasing the temperature can cause an enzyme to denature.
High temperatures start to break the bonds holding the enzyme together
This causes the enzyme and it's active site to change shape
This means the enzymes active site will no longer be complementary to the substrate
199
why do we need lipids
To provide energy for chemical reactions
To insulate us and regulate our body temperature
200
Why do we need fibre?
to help food move through our intestine
201
how do statins help
They decrease the amount of LDL cholesterol in the blood
They increase the amount of HDL cholesterol in the blood
202
Why does water loss slow down if a plant is put into a plastic bag?
The humidity of the air in the bag increases as the plant loses water. This means there is a lower concentration gradient between the inside and outside of the leaves, reducing the rate of water loss.
203
how to do food tests for fats
- mix the food sample with ethanol
- shake tube
- add water
- if there is a cloudy white emulsion then the test is positive
204
the effect of pH on the activity of amylase
- practical
- spotting tile filled with iodine
- 3 testubes
- 1 containing 2cm of starch solution
- 1 containg 2cm of amylase solution
- 1 containg 2cm of pH 5 buffer sulotion
- place all three test tubes ina water bath of 30 degrees - leave them for 10mins to reach correct temp
- combine all soltuins into one and mix with stirring rod
- put tube back into water bath + start stop watch
- every 30 seconds use striing rod to transfer drop of solution onto spotting tile - should be black
- continue every 30 seconds until iodine remains organe - record time for this
- then repeat expiermient using different pH buffers
205
problem with the effect of pH on the activity of amylase
- practical
- looking for when iodine doenst turn blue/black which may not be obvious as colour change tends to be gradual
- adress problem by getting multiple people to look at spotting tile
206
Explain the effects on a person if the valve in the aorta developed a leak.
- some blood would flow back into
the ventricle / heart
- less oxygenated blood
would be pumped to the body
- cells require oxygen for
respiration
- person would become out
of breath
