infection and response Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
what are pathogens
A
pathogens are microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease
2
Q
are pathogens communicable or non- communicable
A
communicable
3
Q
what can be infected by pathogens
A
plants+ animals
4
Q
what can pathogens be
A
virus
bacteria
protists
fungi
5
Q
are virus or bacteria smaller
A
virus
6
Q
what do bacteria produce
A
toxins that damage cells and tissues
7
Q
is a virus a cell
A
no
8
Q
how do viruses reproduce
A
the live in side your cells and replicate themselves using the cells machinery to make copies of themselves
9
Q
what makes you feel ill
A
cell damage
10
Q
parasites live __ or _____ other organisms and cause ______
A
on
inside
damage
11
Q
how are parasites often transferred
A
by a vector
12
Q
how do hyphae cause disease
A
they penetrate and grow on human skin and plants causing diseases
13
Q
hyphae produce _____ which can be spread onto other plants and animals
A
spores
14
Q
what are some ways pathogens can be spread
A
air
water
direct contact
food
15
Q
how are measles spread
A
through droplets of an infected persons sneeze or cough
16
Q
symptoms of measles
A
red rash
fever
17
Q
measles can sometimes lead to __________
A
pneumonia
18
Q
hiv is a
A
virus
19
Q
how is hiv spread
hiv symptoms
what does it attack
A
through sexual contatc or exchanging bodily fluids like blood - sharing same needle when taking drugs
flu like symtoms
immune cells
20
Q
what is marlia disease caused by
A
a protist
21
Q
what is a example of a vector
A
mosqutio - malaria
22
Q
is salmonella a bacteria or virus
A
bacteria
23
Q
symptoms of gonorrhoea
A
pain while urinate
thick yellow discharge
24
Q
symptoms of samonella
A
stomach cramps
vomiting
fever
diarrhoea
25
how can we prevent disease
- being hygienic
- destroying vectors
- isolating infected individuals
- vaccination
26
Are viruses living organisms?
no
27
Once there are lots of copies, the viruses cause the cell to _______, and then go on to _____ neighbouring cells.
Once there are lots of copies, the viruses cause the cell to burst, and then go on to infect neighbouring cells.
28
In the UK, are most people are vaccinated against measles?
yes
29
Infection with the HIV virus can lead to __________. This is where the immune system is so weak that the person can catch unusual infections.
AIDS
30
What is the treatment for HIV/AIDS?
Antiretroviral drugs
31
what do antiretroviral drugs do
stop the virus replicating the the body
32
What type of organism does Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) infect?
plants
33
What is the main symptom of Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)?
patches of leaves are discoloured
34
Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) reduces the amount of photosynthesis that a plant can do.
why is this an issue
The plant won't be able to grow as well
The plant won't be able to produce as many sugars
35
rose black spot is a ______ diease
fungal
36
True or false? All bacteria cause disease.
false
only a small minority of bacteria cause disease. Lots of bacteria don't affect other organisms at all, while many others are actually helpful.
37
What is the treatment for gonorrhoea?
Antibiotics such as penicillin
38
How can you prevent the spread of gonorrhoea?
Use a condom
Avoid unsafe sex
39
Which are eukaryotic the organisms?
Animals
Protoctists
Fungi
Plant
40
Rose black spot is a fungal disease that causes ______ or ______ spots develop on leaves, which then often turn yellow and drop off.
black or red
41
how can Rose black spot be spread
wind and water
42
how does Rose black spot affect a plant
reduces photosynthesis and so also reduces the growth of the plant.
43
what is treatment of Rose black spot
spraying the infected plants with fungicides, or destroying the affected leaves.
44
what are the symptoms of malaria
recurrent fevers and headaches, and in extreme cases it can be fatal.
45
what act as barriers to reduce the entry of pathogens?
- skin
- hair + mucus - nose hair, trachea + bronchi
46
How does skin help to defend against disease?
It covers the body, physically preventing pathogens from entering
secrets antimicrobial substances
47
Does skin act as a physical or chemical barrier to pathogens?
physcial
48
The nose has hairs inside it that act as a physical barrier to pathogens. What are the hairs in the nose coated with to catch pathogens?
mucus
49
what are cilia
hair like structures that line the trachea and bronchi with waft the mucus to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed
50
What substance does the stomach produce to kill pathogens?
hydrochloric acid
51
Does the acid produced by the stomach act as a physical barrier, or a chemical barrier, to pathogens?
chemical
52
What is the role of the immune system?
To locate and destroy pathogens that enter the body
53
Which type of cells are part of the immune system?
white blood cells
54
what are the functions of white blood cells
antitoxins
antibodies
phagocytosis - engulfing pathogens
55
What do antitoxins do?
Bind and neutralise the toxins produced by bacteria
56
what is the process of vaccination
1. dead or inactive pathogens are injected . these pathogens produce antigens which causes the body to produce antibodies even though the pathogen is harmless
2. if the a live pathogen of the same type appears after that then the white blood cells can rapidly mass produce antibodies to kill off the pathogen
3. which makes you less likely to get ill
57
what are the pros of vaccinations
- helped control lots of communicable diseases
- big out breaks of diseases can be prevented if a large percentage of population is vaccinated
- people who arent vaccinated are less likely to catch it because there are fewer people to pass it on
- because of vaccination small pox no longer occurs
58
what are the cons of vaccinations
- they dont always work - sometimes dont give you immunity
- you can soemtimes have a bad reaction to them - rare
-They can cause mild symptoms such as fever or a sore arm
59
Can vaccines be made against both bacterial and viral diseases?
yes
60
Do painkillers help to cure the underlying disease?
no
61
what do pain killers do
they relieve pain but they dont kill the underlying cause of the disease they only reduce symptoms
62
what do antibiotics do
they kill the bacteria causing the problem
important to be treated with the right one
63
why cant antibiotics be used to destroy viruses
viruses grow inside body cells so its difficult to create a drug to kill just the virus and the body cells
64
what can help to reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance?
Patients taking antibiotics for the full prescribed course
Doctors only prescribing antibiotics for serious bacterial infections
65
what is antibiotic resistance
when bacteria can evolve so that antibiotics no longer kill them.
66
The painkiller aspirin originated from the bark of ________ trees. It is now used to reduce pain, and lower fevers.
williow
67
The drug digitalis originated from plants known as _________. It is used to treat heart conditions such as heart failure.
fox gloves
68
was discovered by Alexander Fleming when some Penicillium mould contaminated one of his Petri dishes.
penicillin
69
how did Alexander Fleming discover penicillin
- cleaning our petri dishes with bacteria
- noticed one of the dishes had mould on it
- areas surrounding the mould was free of the bacteria
- he found the mould on the dish was producing a substance that was killing the bacteria
70
What does the term 'efficacy' mean?
How well a drug produces the desired effect
71
What does the term 'toxicity' mean?
How harmful a drug is e.g. how many side effects
72
What does the term 'dosage' mean?
How much of the drug is required to give the desired effect
73
Stage 1 - Test the drug on human______and tissues.
Stage 2 - Test the drug on live ________
Stage 3a - Test the drug on healthy
to find the _____dosage before side effects occur.
Stage 3b - Test the drug on patients that suffer from the relevant disease, to find the ______ dosage.
cells
animals
maximum
optimum
74
Why is it important that new medicinal drugs undergo testing before they are used?
To make sure they are safe to use
To make sure they are an effective treatment
To determine the optimum dose
75
In a double blind trial, who knows who is given the trial drug, and who is given the placebo?
neither the patient or the doctor
76
Patients in clinical trials are often given a placebo.
what is that?
A substance or treatment that contains no active drug
77
why are double blind trials used
so patient and doctor arnt subconscious influenced by the knowledge
78
what ar ethe 3 main stages called in antibiotic testing
- pre clinical - cells + tissues
- pre clincal - live animals
- clincal - patients
79
why are healthy volunteer used before ill ones in drug testing
to make sure there are no ahrmful side effects
80
drug test results are not published until ______ _____ which helps ______ _____
peer review
false claims
81
what are the ways the human body defends against infection from airborne disease
- mucus and cillia in the trachea traps pathogens
- nose hairs and mucus trap pathogens
- skin acts as a barrier
82
how does salmonella bacteria cause a person to feel unwell after they eat contaminated food
teh bacteria reproduces rapidly inside the body.
the bacteria releases toxins which causes the person to feel unwell
83
two symptoms of salmonella
vomiting
diarrhea
84
what type of drug could be prescribed to treat a bacterial infection
antibiotic
85
why has antibiotic resistance increased over the years
- over use and misuse of antibiotics
- antibiotics kill non-resistant strains
resistant bacteria survives and reproduces passing on the resistance
- limited development of new antibiotics increases resistance risk
86
Explain why an infection with HIV can lead to an increase in susceptibility to other pathogens.
HIV attacks the immune system
patient is unable to produce antibodies/phagocytes
87
Why will antibiotics not treat an infection with HIV?
antibiotics only kill antibodies not viruses
88
What type of pathogen causes malaria?
a protist
89
Describe what happens during the liver infection stage of the life cycle of the malaria parasite.
sporozoites from mosquito saliva reproduce
become thousands of merozoites
merozoites released from liver into blood
90
two ways that farmers can prevent the transmission of Salmonella from chickens to humans
slaughter the infected chickens
vaccinate chickens
91
two ways that consumers can avoid a Salmonella infection whilst preparing chicken at home
washing hands after handeling chicken
cook chicken thoroughly
92
Explain why it is important for babies to have antibodies as soon as they are born.
immune system of newborn babies is not yet developed
antibodies protect against infection
antibodies stop pathogens entering cells
antibodies to pathogens dividing
