BioEnergetics / Metabolism / Fat Cells / Heart Lungs / Cardiopulmonary Flashcards
(35 cards)
Phoshagenic Metabolism
Energy from ADP, ATP, Creatine Phosphate, and no oxygen required.
Anaerobic Metabolism
Providing energy by producing ATP from breakdown of Carbs, no oxygen req’d
Aerobic metabolism
Energy via ATP from breakdown of carbs, lipids, and protein; OXYGEN req’d.
ATP makeup
H= HydrogenN= NitrogenO= OxygenP= Phosphate
ATP exploitation
Phosphagen system utilizes ATP readily available while Anaerobic and aerobic go through a metabolic process to extract. When muscle contracts, Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) breaks down to Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) and the 2nd/3rd Phosphate molecule release energy. This reactions is called HYDROLYSIS. ATPases is a chemical present inside cell that make it possible to cleave ATP = ADP, but in case of MYOSIN contraction, the cells themselves have Myosin within them = no external chemical needed to release energy.
ATP usage dependencies
INTENSITY is what determines metabolic pathwayLOW intensity = ATP from Cardiopulmonary systems from oxygen delivery. Low rate of ATP consumption needs to be met by the muscle’s ability to extract O2, and heart/lungs ability to deliver. Because of low rate , fat/carb breakdown can happen completely=sustained energy for long time. More fat than carbs. Medium Intensity= Intense enough to fail the talk test. Heart and lungs still do most the work but rely on carbs more than fat for ATP production. Higher Intensity = Carbs can’t be completely / muscles don’t receive enough O2. Fatigue happens in 2-3min.HIGHEST intensity= none metabolic pathways can be used, relied 100% on stored ATP/ADP and fatigue is seconds.
3 basic metabolic means to power contraction via ATP
1- creatine phosphate/ADP2- Anaerobic Glycolysis3- Aerobic Glycolysis / Beta Oxidation Creatine phosphate/ADP = consumption of ATP through stores IN muscle throughAnaerobic Glycolysis = Deriving ATP through non-oxygen carb metabolismAerobic Glycolysis / Kreb Cycle / Electron transport system - O2 dependent breakdown of carbs, Beta-Oxidation = O2 dependent breakdown of fatty acids.
Phosphagenic Metabolism(ATP recycled, not created)
0-few seconds = stored ATP usage based on cross-bridge cycling of actin/myosin. Then bleeds into 2 other anaerobic pathways;Creatine Kinase = ATP recycling through Creatine Phosphate, taking phosphate from CP, and binding to ADP, to make ATPMyokinase= ATP recycling through taking two ADPs = creating AMP (adenosine monophosphate) and recreating ATP.
Anaerobic Carbohydrate breakdown(2 ATP created)
-10s to 90s of help- Sugar / Glycogen are INSIDE muscleGLYCOLYSIS: breakdown stored carbs in muscle to produce ATP- 6 carbon turns to 3 called lactic acid, which then binds to a proton to create ATP. Lack/lactic acid = fatigueGLYCOGENOLYSIS: breakdown muscle glycogen. Enzyme glycogen phosphorlyase detaches glucose from glycogen and carb polymer into glucose with phosphate already attached= about same rate as glycolysis.
Aerobic Metabolism (4m-hours = 36 ATP created)
-Aerobic glycolysis-Krebs’ Cycle-Electron transport system-Beta OxidationAerobic glycolysis; creates Pyruvic Acid.Krebs’ Cycle: Pyruvic Acid enters mitochondria Electron Transport System: Creates 34 ATPs.
Beta-Oxidation(Breakdown of fatty acids)
110 ATP produced (costs 2 ATP to produce that)Goes through 8 cycles of beta oxidationSarcoplasm > 3 free triglycerides break down > 2 bind to carnitine, and transport to mitochondria> Stearic Acid > Palmitic Acid > Myristic Acid
Efficiency Comparison between energy pathways
Phosphagenic metabolism = instant, but not efficient. Uses ADP and ATP.60-80% of daily energy is from beta-oxidation
3 things all diets do
1- modify the composition of your diet / limit food selection2- Directly or indirectly limit calorie intake3- Expect you to exercise as part of your dietq
Stratification of survivability
Low-moderate BF + Strength + Endurance = Best / LongevityLow-Mod BF + Strength = Next bestLow-Mod BF + Endurance = NextLow-Mod BF + Sedentary = unacceptable** Next Stratification = Hi BF + everything above = same
Fat Rolesmade of: adipocytes (mainly), fibroblasts, macrophages, and endothelial cells.
-energy storage medium-component of cell structure- important chemical structure (testosterone / estrogen)- myelinated neuronal axons - padding/shock absorption- subcutaneously = insulation
Energy in fat deposits(Compared to carbs)
100kg person (220lbs) w/ 25% BF = 25kg/bf (55lbs) = 1,000g=KG= (25,000 x 9cal) = 225,000 stored calories.(Carbs= ~600g in the body = 2400cal of available carbs
White fat cells = monovacuolar cells (large lipid droplet surrounded by thin layer of cytoplasm. Inside the cell are mainly triglycerides.Brown Fat Cells = made of a subtype of adipocyte that is more metabolically active. Keeps infants warm. Non-existent in adults except in shoulders/neck sometimes.
Average size = .1mm.About 4x adaptive sizing before mitotically dividing. Only in extreme obesity. Brown Fat cells= multinucleate, more cytoplasm, more bioenergetic organelles and less fat than WHITE fat cells.
Fat Locations: 1- Subcutaneous 2-viscerally 3- in bone marrow 4- breast tissue
Females - more subcutaneous lower body fat (30% or less = acceptable, above 12%) Males = more visceral abdominal fat. (25% or less = acceptable, above 5% )
The Heart (Weighs about 1/2 - 3/4 of a pound): bout the size of your fistComprised of muscle
Positioned 20 degrees lower and left of sternum / rib cage lowest part just ABOVE xyphoid process.
OUTER Pericardium: double walled fibrous sac-structure, encloses and protects the heart. 1- Protects the heart from abrasion, puncture, infection 2- Serves as anatomical structure attachment point 3- It’s limited in extensibility, so it limits heart expansion to fill w/ blood
INNER Pericardium:exudes pericardial fluid to lubricate between inside and outside to help contractile activity
ATRIA: Upper segment contains 2 chambers that take blood FROM periphery and force into lower chambers.VENTRICLES: lower segment, much larger chambers force blood TO rest of body. **Atria contracts first, then ventricles
PULMONARY = RIGHT side: ventricle and Atria receives oxygen depleted blood and routes to Lungs for O2. SYSTEMIC = LEFT side, get oxygenated blood and deliver to body (all systems)
Ventricular septum: separates LEFT / RIGHT ventricles*the rest of the walls = ‘ventricular free’ walls,**LEFT side ventricular wall are stronger than left.
PRESSURE: *100mmHg systemic needed to pump throughout the body. * 25mmHg pulmonary pressure.
3 LAYERS of heart: - Epicardium (outside layer)- Myocardium (contains most the muscle)- Endocardium (contains Endothelium which is a bioactive chemical)
Cardiac Myocytes: (cardiomyocytes) MORPHOLOGY - more jigsaw puzzle looking, not fusiformINTRACELLULAR COMMUNICATION- many intercalated discs present. *NUCLEATION - mononucleated rather than multi-nucleated;
CONDUCTIVE PATHWAYECG = ElectroCardioGrams, electrical activity that signals blood flow though the heart. All cardiac muscle is autorhythmic (generates its own electrical stimulus to drive contraction)Cardiomyocytes can take over if normal electro-conductive pathways fail.
*Intercalated Discs
7 EKG pathways;1- Sinoatrial node (stimulates both atria, located in R atrium)2- internodal tract (conducts impulse to #4)3- bachmann’s bundle4- atrioventricular node (has a fibrous sheath covering surface)5- Bundle of His 6- Right & Left bundle branches7- Purkinje fibers (offshoot branches that divides down)
