bioethical issues Flashcards

Question

what happens if a doctor gives assistant to a dying patient to the extent of doing the act himself/ herself

Answer 1

liable for assisting suicide

Answer 2

Sanctity of life - focus: Life must be preserved at all costs - key ethical principles: Cultural & religious value Inviolability of life - focus: Death may be accepted as a side effect, not intended - key ethical principles: Beneficence Worthwhileness of life - focus: Quality and dignity of life matter - key ethical principles: Respect for Autonomy

Answer 3

These emphasize personal choice, relief from suffering, and compassionate care: * Autonomy Person, while asking for euthanasia, expresses his/her personal choice * Right to die Euthanasia is not only the expression of a fundamental freedom but also a right one * Unbearable suffering Not every painful process within health care entitles one to ask for euthanasia but only great ongoing pain and suffering

Answer 4

This focuses on the inviolability of life, ethical limits of medicine, and the risk to vulnerable groups: * Competence Patients may not be mentally capable of making such a serious decision * Prohibition of killing (Hippocratic Oath) Traditional medical ethics oppose killing patients, even for compassionate reasons * Risk of abuse Fears that euthanasia could be misused

Answer 5

1. divine command theory Actions must follow universal moral duties, not consequences. 2. utilitarianism Euthanasia may be justified if it reduces overall suffering 3. natural law theory (Aquinas) Human life is a fundamental good to be preserved

Answer 6

1. Ethical and Moral Dilemmas Many religious and cultural beliefs hold that life is sacred and only a higher power has the right to end it 2. Risk of Abuse and Exploitation Individuals may be coerced into choosing euthanasia due to external pressures 3. Informed Consent and Mental Capacity Can someone be capable of making an informed, voluntary decision?

Answer 7

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) - usually performed on young girls, often between infancy and adolescence, usually w/o anesthesia or proper medical equipment

Answer 8

cultural tradition marriage prospects regulation of sexual behavior economic factors

Answer 9

presents numerous ethical conflicts rooted in the clash between cultural tradition and human rights principles. the procedure is usually done to minors who cannot provide informed consent, violating the ethical principle of autonomy

Answer 10

Human Rights Advocates' Point of View: - They strongly oppose FGM. - They see it as a violation of human rights, especially the rights of girls and women. - Medical professionals say it causes serious health risks and emotional trauma. - International groups (like the UN and WHO) push to end the practice worldwide. Practitioners' Point of View (in FGM-practicing communities): - FGM is often seen as a cultural or religious tradition. - It is believed to help protect a girl’s purity and prepare her for marriage. - Families may think it gives girls a better chance at social acceptance and respect

Answer 11

1. The practice has lasting effects, including chronic pain, infections, menstrual issues, complications in childbirth, sexual dysfunction, and psychological trauma such as posttraumatic stress disorder 2. Reinforces patriarchal norms that control female sexuality and restrict women’s autonomy. Even in contexts where FGM is accepted, the morality of upholding such harmful traditions is deeply questionable

Answer 12

1. Violation of bodily autonomy 2. Infliction of severe physical and psychological harm 3. Gender inequality 4. Mental health issues

Answer 13

the act of preventing pregnancy. This can be a device, a medication, a procedure or a behavior. Contraception allows a woman control of her reproductive health and affords the woman the ability to be an active participant in her family planning.

Answer 14

barrier methods hormonal methods IUDs natural methods permanent methods emergency contraception

Answer 15

World Health Organization (2022) 1. Autonomy Every person—regardless of gender—has the right to make decisions about their own body, including whether or not to have children and when to have them. 2. Beneficence (Doing good) Contraceptives help by: - Preventing unplanned pregnancies - Reducing health risks for mothers (especially young girls and older women) - Improving infant health and supporting family well-being United Nations Population Fund (2023) 1. Informed Choice - People should have clear, honest information about how contraceptives work. - They need to understand possible side effects and risks so they can make their own informed decision. Guttmacher Institute (2021) Youth Protection - Young people should have confidential, accurate access to reproductive health services. - The health system should protect their privacy and support their right to reliable information and care.

Answer 16

Supportive Viewpoints (from WHO, 2022): - Contraception helps protect health by reducing unsafe abortions and unplanned pregnancies. - It improves maternal and infant health. - Giving adolescents access to contraception helps prevent teenage pregnancies and supports youth development. Critical Viewpoints (from Guttmacher Institute, 2021): - Some worry that informed consent is lacking—women may not be told about side effects or options. - Others argue that allowing teens to get contraceptives without parental consent may go against family rights and cultural values.

Answer 17

🔹According to WHO (2022): - Lack of Accountability: Some programs fail to take responsibility for poor practices or unethical methods. - Bodily Integrity: Every person has the right to make choices about their own body without being forced or pressured. 🔹 According to UNFPA (2023): - Overemphasis on Numbers: Some programs focus too much on meeting targets instead of caring about the real needs of people. - Counseling Ethics: Some health workers may pressure people into choosing a certain method instead of giving neutral advice. 🔹 According to Guttmacher Institute (2021): - Structural Racism: Discrimination in healthcare limits access to contraception for marginalized groups. - Stigma: Some users (like teens or unmarried women) face shame or judgment. - Lack of Male Options: There are not enough safe and reliable male contraceptives being developed.

Answer 18

Ethical Justifications for Contraception: 1. Autonomy and Reproductive Freedom People have the right to choose if and when they want to have children. 2. Public Health Benefits Contraception helps prevent unplanned pregnancies, reduce maternal deaths, and improve overall health. 3. Family Planning Families can prepare better for children, improving economic stability and quality of life Ethical Criticisms of Contraception: 1. Risk of Coercion and Informed Consent Violations Some people may be pressured into using contraception without fully understanding the risks or alternatives. 2. Cultural Alienation Contraceptive use can conflict with cultural or religious values, making some feel disconnected from their community. 3. Unequal Burden on Women Most contraceptive methods are aimed at women, leaving them to carry most of the responsibility and side effects

Answer 19

cloning types of cloning: 1. Gene Cloning 2. Reproductive Cloning 3. Therapeutic Cloning

Answer 20

Stem cells are special cells that can become different types of cells in the body (like muscle, nerve, or skin cells). Cloning means creating a copy of something. In therapeutic cloning, scientists try to make a copy of a person’s cells using a method called SCNT (somatic cell nuclear transfer). How It Works: - Scientists create an embryo using the person's own cells, but do not grow it into a baby. - Instead, they use it to collect stem cells that could one day help repair damaged organs or tissues (for diseases like Parkinson’s or diabetes). *Current Status (Mayo Clinic, 2024): - Therapeutic cloning has not yet succeeded in humans—it’s still being researched. - It has worked in animals, and scientists are still exploring its potential medical uses in peopl

Answer 21

Embryonic Stem Cells Adult Stem Cells Induce Pluripotent Stem Cells Perinatal Stem Cells

Answer 22

1. Embryo Destruction 2. Informed Consent 3. Therapeutic to Reproductive 4. Expensiveness

Answer 23

Supportive View (According to Cona, 2025): * Hope for Cures – It could help treat diseases that currently have no cure. * Scientific Progress – Cloning and stem cells help push science forward. * Economic Benefits – It can support the medical and biotech industries. Critical View: According to Cona (2025): * Religious Objections – Groups like the Catholic Church oppose it, seeing it as disrespectful to human life. According to Cheshire et al. (n.d.): * Regulatory Bodies' Opposition – Many countries and organizations restrict or ban cloning for ethical reasons. According to Charitos et al. (2021): * Reproductive Cloning Concerns – Creating a full human clone raises big moral questions. * Risk of Exploitation – People (especially women or the poor) might be taken advantage of for their cells or embryos.

Answer 24

* Supporters argue that if these methods can cure diseases and save lives, it's worth using them—especially when using leftover embryos from IVF, or safer alternatives like adult stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). * This view follows utilitarian ethics, which means doing what brings the most benefit and reduces the most suffering for the greatest number of people

Answer 25

Genetically Modified Organisms ex: GMO crops can be made to resist pests or chemicals, so farmers get more food with fewer harmful pesticides.

Answer 26

In the Lab: Scientists also use GMOs in research to better understand how living things work. Related Field: This work is part of biotechnology, which uses living things to make useful products—like medicines or better crops.

Answer 27

Genetic engineering means changing the DNA of an organism to give it new traits (like making a plant resistant to bugs). Common Procedures Involved: * Genetic Screening – Checking genes for potential problems or traits. * Genetic Interventions – Directly changing or fixing genes. * Stem Cell Therapy – Using special cells to repair or replace damaged tissues. * In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) – Creating embryos outside the body, sometimes used with gene editing.

Answer 28

help fight malnutrition and vitamin deficiencies, especially Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD), and to tackle problems like hunger and poverty.

Answer 29

Milestone 1: Bt Corn The Philippines was the first in Southeast Asia to approve a genetically modified crop—Bt corn—in 2002. Bt corn is engineered to resist pests like the corn borer, helping farmers get better yields without using too many pesticides. Milestone 2: Golden Rice In 2021, the Philippines approved Golden Rice, a genetically modified version of rice that is rich in Vitamin A to fight malnutrition.

Answer 30

1. Bt Eggplant (2022) - Developed by UP Los Baños. - Contains a protein from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to make it resistant to pests like fruit and shoot borers. Bt Corn (2003) - Engineered to resist the Asiatic corn borer, a major pest. - Produces a natural toxin from Bt, reducing the need for pesticides. - Benefits: Less pesticide use Safer for farmers 3. Golden Rice (Malusog Rice) - Bioengineered to produce beta-carotene, which the body converts into Vitamin A. - Aims to combat Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD) and improve nutrition in the country.

Answer 31

according to Sus (2023): Health and Safety Transhumanism Ethical Issues regarding the Environment Patents and Access to Seeds Playing God Social Responsibility and Harm

Answer 32

Sus, V. (2023): Improving Food Quality: Genetic engineering can help make food more nutritious and safer. New Medicines and Treatments: It can also be used to develop new medicines and treatments for diseases. Raman, R. (2024): Pest Control: GMOs can reduce the use of harmful pesticides, which is better for the environment and health. Improved Survival and Yield: Crops are more likely to survive pests and bad weather, leading to greater yield. Increased Nutritional Value: Genetic modifications can make food more nutritious (like Golden Rice). Enhanced Flavor: Some GMOs are designed to taste better, improving the eating experience.

Answer 33

Utilitarianism Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics) Virtue Ethics Justice and Equity Moral Risk

Answer 34

Environmental: Increased use of toxic Herbicides and Pesticides Pleiotropy Contamination of Wild and Organic Crops Safety and Health: Allergens Gene Transfer Outcrossing Unexpected Toxic Compounds Chemical Residue from Herbicides Ethical & Religious: Play God Respect for consumer choice

Answer 35

organ donation

Answer 36

blood donation

Answer 37

organ donation - According to HRSA (n.d.)

Answer 38

organ and blood donation - According to Beauchamp & Childress (2019)

Answer 39

1. Informed Consent 2. Autonomy 3. Non-Maleficence 4. Justice 5. Anti-Exploitation 6. Transparency

Answer 40

AGREE AND SUPPORTS DONATION * World Health Organization (WHO, 2010): Views organ/ blood donation as a humanitarian act * Beauchamp & Childress (2019): Ethical when based on autonomy, beneficence and informed consent * The Catholic Church (Post-1990 View): Recognizes organ donation as act of charity and love if it respects consent and dignity DISAGREE AND OPPOSES DONATION * Hughes (2000): Opposes unethical practices * Rippon (2014): Argues financial incentives exploit the poor and violate autonomy. * China Tribunal (2019): Report evidence of forced organ harvesting from prisoners of conscience

Answer 41

Utilitarian Viewpoint Deontological Perspective Virtue Ethics

Answer 42

Informed Consent Exploitation of the Poor Organ Trafficking and Illegal Markets Disparities in Allocation Consent in Deceased Donation

bioethical issues Flashcards

(68 cards)