humans and their acts and actions

Question 1

These are expressions of human actions.

Answer 1

acts

Question 2

This is when our senses are affected by how we perceive objects as good or evil.

Answer 2

Concupiscence

Question 3

A ranking system from basic to complex needs that a person wants or tries to achieve.

Answer 3

Hierarchy of Needs

Question 4

This is the result of our inner or free self-determined choice.

Answer 4

Human Action

Question 5

A tort resulting from the failure to follow reasonable care, precautions, or protocols.

Answer 5

Negligence

Question 6

These are moral deeds or virtues.

Answer 6

Values

Question 7

Bad habits or tendencies toward wrongdoing.

Answer 7

Vices

Question 8

The voluntary action of a person.

Answer 8

Will

Question 9

what are the 3 entities that make up a human being

Answer 9

Body, Soul, and Spirit.

Question 10

What causes changes in a person’s views, desires, and perceptions?

Answer 10

learning from the environment
- ideas abt human actions evolve by the change based on new experiences and insights from the environment
- these changes lead individuals to pursue their passions and ambitions

Question 11

What makes a human act “real” or meaningful?

Answer 11

When it reflects personal growth and is guided by changing perspectives and desires.
- changes in views and desires often lead to pursuit of passions and ambitions

Question 12

briefly explain the early Christian views on human nature

Answer 12

Augustinian Doctrine:
Views a person as spiritually dead, focusing on original sin from Adam and Eve.
[people r born spiritually dead cos of the sin of Adam and Eve. it believes humans are naturally sinful and can’t choose good on their own. only God can save them, and he is the one who decides who will be saved.]

Pelagianism:
Believes a person is spiritually well at birth and chooses their own destiny, though some disagree, as Augustinian doctrine asserts God decides destiny.
[believes people are born spiritually healthy and are free to choose between good and bad.
teaches that people can reach salvation by their own efforts, without needing help from God. but many disagree with this, especially those who follow the Augustinian view.]

Semi-Pelgianism:
States a person is spiritually sick and needs higher power assistance for recovery.
[it is a middle-ground view. It says people are spiritually sick, not dead or healthy. They can’t save themselves, but they can ask God for help, and then God helps them become better and do good.]

Question 13

What Does It Mean to Be Human?

Answer 13

human nature includes traits like speaking and listening, shared by all ppl
ethics is about defining right and wrong with humans having the ability to think, feel and make choices

[to be human means having the ability to speak, listen, think, feel, and choose between right and wrong.]

Question 14

Distinction Between Human Acts and Acts of Humans

Question 15

Done with a person’s control and choice.

Answer 15

Human Acts

Question 16

Performed without control or intentional choice.

Answer 16

Acts of Humans

Question 17

briefly explain the distinction between Human Acts and Acts of Humans

Answer 17

Human Acts are actions we do on purpose, with control and clear intention (like choosing to help someone).
Acts of Humans are things we do without thinking or without control (like blinking or sneezing).

Morally, people are not born good or bad, but the intention behind an action can make it good or bad.

Example of Human Acts:
- Choosing to be kind
- Giving to someone in need
- Showing compassion on purpose

Question 18

what to depend on when differentiating between human acts and acts of human

Answer 18

Human Acts:
Done on purpose, with thinking and choice (like helping a patient).

Acts of Humans:
Happen naturally or without control (like sneezing or breathing).

!! Now, the words “act” and “action” also have different uses:
- “Act” (noun) refers to a specific behavior or deed.
Example: “The act of kindness by the medical technologist was appreciated.”
-“Action” (verb form) refers to what someone is doing in a general sense.
Example: “The technologist’s action is to perform tests carefully and accurately.”

Question 19

when does passion become a human act

Answer 19

when it is controlled, guided by reason, and leads to purposeful actions
- passion help a person by inspiring them to move forward and achieve their goals

Question 20

briefly explain the types of passion

Answer 20

PASSION FOR…

1. Money
   Too much can lead to greed.
2. Solutions
   Positive passion that seeks various options to solve problems.
3. Product and Industry
   Requires strong determination to achieve.
4. Growth
   Desire for achievement and fulfillment.

5, Help
Being a “good Samaritan” to those in need.

6. Synergy
   Combining efforts for a better result.

Question 21

it determines whether actions are morally right or wrong

Answer 21

morality
- these are ideas are trustworthy and universally experienced
- the distinction btwn right and wrong exists objectively in human
- every human act is either good or evil, right or wrong in the context of morality

Question 22

what are the essence of morality

Answer 22

An act is morally right if it benefits the individual.
Some acts of a child may be bad, thus morally wrong.
An act is right if approved by ethical reason; wrong if disproved.

Question 23

what are the primary ideas of right and wrong like

Answer 23

truth and falsity
cause and effect
substance and accident.

Question 24

what are some statements of truthfulness that may be further pointed out in morality

Answer 24

Reason why our intellect approves some acts.
Reason why our intellect disapproves other acts.
Radical notion conveys them as good.

Question 25

what are the conditions that must be met if good effects are intended, evil effects are foreseen

Answer 25

The evil effect must not be directly intended. The good effect must not be produced by means of the evil effect. The good directly intended must exceed the evil effects. The doer must not be obligated to avert the evil consequences.

Question 26

what conditions must be met for an act to be considered as morally good if intended to serve others

Answer 26

If the act praises the Supreme Being. If the act is a personal obligation or responsibility. If the act reflects the doer's passion for doing good. If the act benefits the poor, weak, and children.

Question 27

briefly explain the determinants of morality

Answer 27

1. object of the act The act itself or any action done. An object is good depending on its specification. example: performing a blood test accurately is good because it helps in proper diagnosis and treatment 2. end or purpose of an act If the motive is good, the act is good. "The end does not justify the means"; if the purpose is good but the means are wrong, the act is bad. example: recording test results is good, but if the purpose is to manipulate data to make the lab look efficient, the act is bad. 3. circumstance of an act If the act is good but the circumstances are unfavorable, the act is still wrong. example: collecting a blood sample is good, but doing it without patient consent or proper hygiene is wrong because it endangers the patient.

Question 28

briefly explain the accountability for and hindrance to moral acts

Answer 28

person must be accountable for acts done, whether consciously or unconsciously, regardless of whether the act is good or bad, or the circumstances. [person is responsible for their actions, whether they are done on purpose (consciously) or without thinking (unconsciously). It doesn’t matter if the act is good or bad, or the circumstances surrounding it.] accountability for free acts is imputable to the person who performs them. [if someone makes a choice to do something, they are accountable for it, especially if it’s a free act (something they decided to do).] acts considered felonies, the person is liable for such acts.

Question 29

briefly explain the hindrance to moral acts

Answer 29

1. ignorance of the act even if unaware an act is evil, a person is still accountable. ex: A person committing a felony unknowingly is still liable. 2. fear it prevents a person from doing a good act. ex: Police officers may avoid duties due to risks. 3. violence strong external force compels a person to act against their choice. ex: Committing a felony due to financial pressure. 4. concupiscence strong impulse inclining the will to seek good and avoid evil. it was reduces accountability when arising unbidden or with consent.

Question 30

what are the fundamental needs of an individual as a human person

Answer 30

1. substinence Health, food, shelter, work, environment. 2. protection Care, adaptability, autonomy, social security. 3. affection Respect, love, relationships, privaсy. 4. understanding Critical capacity, education, teachers. 5. participation Rights, duties, expressing opinions, associations. 6. leisure Tranquility, peace, relaxation, family bonding. 7. creation Curiosity, skills, imagination, expression. 8. identity Self-esteem, religion, customs, language. 9. freedom Open-mindedness, equal rights, liberty.

Question 31

what are the general needs a human needs

Answer 31

1. human needs ex: participation, understanding and affection 2. basic needs ex: substinence, protection etc

Question 32

briefly explain the Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 32

Self- Actualization: The desire to accomplish everything that one can "To become everything one is capable of becoming" Self-esteem: The typical human desire to be recognized and appreciated by others. Love & Belonginess: For singles, this need is met through relationships, marriage, or living with others who show affection. Acceptance is needed in this stage. Safety & Security: Arises when protection is needed May depend on a person's place and status Physiological Needs: The most basic human needs (e.g., food, shelter, clothing) Can easily be a source of satisfaction for some individuals

Question 32

which of the 2 level of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs are unattainable

Answer 32

self esteem self actualization

Question 33

they are not solicited because they are inherited in a person; demonstrated in everyday life and activities

Answer 33

values and dignity of human beings

Question 34

what are the common values of a person

Answer 34

dignity: Respect for each person's inherent value and worth, often more recognized with age due to its link to seniority and respect collaboration: Working with others who share common goals and values, especially those with greater knowledge, to achieve shared objectives. justice: Supporting social change and fairness by respecting all people, showing compassion to the powerless, and ensuring equal participation for everyone. stewardship: The responsible use of entrusted resources to promote healing and well-being, a value common among Filipinos in healthcare. excellence: Surpassing expectations through teamwork and innovation, though it is often challenged by various life obstacles.

Question 35

what are the 4 important factors of dignity

Answer 35

1. personal identity Refers to self-respect and individuality, often affected by physical or emotional harm such as humiliation or embarrassment, especially in older adults. 2. menschenwürde Refers to the inalienable value of human beings, grounded in "what it is to be human." 3. merit Dignity based on one's societal role or achievements May decline with retirement or social exclusion. 4. moral status Emphasizes living by one's own moral values; essential for preserving dignity, especially in older adults.

Question 36

what are the key themes under Menschenwürde

Answer 36

Control of physical functions Shaping identity through life stories Gaining self-respect through recognition by others

Question 37

ignorance vs negligence

Answer 37

ignorance - not knowing what to do negligence - making the choice to do what is incorrect

Question 38

The lack of technical or theoretical knowledge when performing a task or duty.

Answer 38

ignorance

Question 39

A person's failure to use reasonable care

Answer 39

negligence can appear in 2 ways: - Not taking an action a reasonable person would take - Doing something a reasonable person would avoid *In both cases, the result is harm to another person or their property.

Question 40

what are the conditions to prove ignorance

Answer 40

1. The person is not competent to perform the job. 2.The person has no prior experience with the task. 3. The action is done without understanding its consequences. 4. The person is capable of discernment but fails due to lack of knowledge.

Question 41

briefly explain the pre-requisites to prove negligence

Answer 41

cause of action: defendant owed a duty and failed to meet the standard, causing injury. intervening cause: injury may stem from multiple sources, such as an accident worsened by negligent medical care. proximate cause: limits liability to foreseeable consequences directly related to the negligent act. reasonable care: judged by what a reasonably prudent person would do in similar circumstances. duty: everyone has a general duty to act with reasonable care to protect others and their property. If no duty exists, there is no liability, even if the behavior was careless.

Question 42

how to prove negligence

Answer 42

1. The defendant had a duty of care. 2. The defendant did not meet that duty of care. 3. The plaintiff suffered harm that a reasonable person in the defendant's position could have foreseen. 4. The damage was caused by a breach of the duty of care.

Question 43

An inborn sense of right and wrong that guides moral decisions.

Answer 43

conscience - a built in sense of right and wrong that guides actions

Question 44

briefly explain the importance of conscience

Answer 44

It reflects one's moral code, emotions, and self-awareness. Pangs of conscience signal guilt or discomfort when actions conflict with moral beliefs. Seen in healthcare decisions, clinical management, teamwork, and communication. Conscience motivates actions based on ethical principles.

Question 45

briefly explain the absence of conscience

Answer 45

Crimes by omission. Sudden or impulsive actions. Basic survival struggles. Greed for power or wealth.

Question 46

The wrongful acts by medical professionals who fail to meet standard care, causing harm to patients.

Answer 46

torts and malpractice

Question 47

briefly explain the common types and other types of torts and malpractice

Answer 47

Common Types: Assault – Threatening to hurt a patient (even without touching). Battery – Actually touching or hurting a patient without permission. Property Damage – Damaging a patient’s belongings through carelessness. Other Types: Intentional Torts – Doing something harmful on purpose, like performing surgery without a license. Negligence – Being careless, like not following procedures, which leads to harm. Strict Liability – When a patient is hurt even if the healthcare worker didn’t mean to and wasn’t careless, but something still went wrong.

Question 48

what are the key elements of torts and malpractice

Answer 48

- Violation of clinical protocols or recognized standards of care. - Can include negligence, breach of duty, or breach of contract. - Legally actionable if harm to the patient occurs.

Question 49

People learn from their environment, shaping their desires, perceptions, and views about themselves and others. These views change over time.

Answer 49

human learning

Question 50

what are the barriers to moral acts

Answer 50

Negligence, violence, and concupiscence hinder moral actions.

Question 51

Justice, dignity, collaboration, stewardship, and excellence.

Answer 51

values and dignity

Question 52

torts vs malpractice

Answer 52

torts occur when standard protocols are not followed in healthcare settings malpractice is the failure to provide proper care.