Biogeography

Question 1

what is biogeography

Answer 1

the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time

Question 2

what are biogeographic realms, or ecozones

Answer 2

large scale groupings of biomes with related evolutionary histories

Question 3

what is biogeography a combination of? two disciplines

Answer 3

ecology and history

Question 4

definition of a population

Answer 4

group of interbreeding individuals

Question 5

definition of a species

Answer 5

all populations that can interbreed

Question 6

definition of a community

Answer 6

collection of different species living in proximity

Question 7

what two categories of factors cause population change

Answer 7

instrinsic and extrinsic factors

Question 8

what is a habitat

Answer 8

physical environment of a species or population that has the conditions to sustain a population

Question 9

how are species distributed

Answer 9

along environmental gradients
population increases where environment becomes more favourable
where there are common preferences, a community is created

Question 10

what halts populations growth

Answer 10

environmental factors

Question 11

what is the biotic potential

Answer 11

the growth of a population in optimal environmental conditions without resource limitations

Question 12

what is the carrying capacity

Answer 12

when the birth rate = death rate (any more and resources become limiting)

Question 13

what are boom and bust cycles

Answer 13

most populations go through a lot of change over time. boom: rapid growth, bust: rapid die back due to depletion of resources or overpredation

Question 14

by how much does the human pop. grow each year

Answer 14

80 million

Question 15

what is the carrying capacity of spaceship earth

Answer 15

8 billion most likely

Question 16

by how much are we currently exceeding planetary boundaries

Answer 16

60%

Question 17

what is coevolution

Answer 17

when two species evolve together due to their interdependence

Question 18

what is mutualism

Answer 18

ecological interaction between two species where each has net benefit

Question 19

what is symbiotic relationship

Answer 19

close physical contact in mutualism

Question 20

give two examples of an exploitative relationship

Answer 20

predation and parasitism

Question 21

what is commensalism

Answer 21

one species benefits without affecting the other

Question 22

what is the purpose of inter or intra specific competition

Answer 22

evolutionary driver

Question 23

what is a fundamental niche

Answer 23

all the environmental conditions where a species is able to live, no competition for resources

Question 24

what is a realised niche

Answer 24

where a species actually lives, competition for resources

Question 25

what is competitive exclusion

Answer 25

species with the same niche compete until one is displaced- prompts niche differentiation

Question 26

what are the two main strategies for species to survive

Answer 26

generalists: more in the far north which has larger niches specialists: more at the equator, small climatic range and small niches

Question 27

name three ways that biodiversity is measured

Answer 27

1. genetic diversity- variability among DNA of individuals in a pop. or species bigger genetic diversity= faster adaptation 2. habitat diversity- diversity depends on and promotes ecosystem stability 3. species diversity- richness, evenness, dominance

Question 28

threats to ecosystems

Answer 28

loss of habitat habitat fragmentation loss of species removal of keystone species through hunting etc.

Question 29

what is species vulnerability

Answer 29

when a species has overly selective breeding habits and feeding larger species more vulnerable as they need more territory and food

Question 30

what are the two types of conservation based on location

Answer 30

in-situ or out-situ

Question 31

give reasons that biodiversity is important (utilitarian)

Answer 31

``` financial potential cures tourism aesthetics spiritual and health benefits ecological benefits ```

Question 32

what do intrinsic reasons for biodiversity argue for

Answer 32

not human centred moral obligation to protect other species eg. deep ecology

Question 33

who made a zoogeographic map and published alongside Darwin?

Answer 33

Alfred Russel Wallace

Question 34

what did the zoogeographic map show

Answer 34

based on evolutionary relationships 20 regions within 11 larger realms most similarity of species in northern hemisphere least similarity in south and isolated areas

Question 35

what is endemism

Answer 35

a species being native to a single geographic location

Question 36

why is there a high percentage of marsupial mammals in australia

Answer 36

endemism has produced marsupial versions of placental mammals, the isolation of the continent allowed native species to develop

Question 37

3 responses to environmental change

Answer 37

move- depends on connectivity, competition and available space adapt - depends on behavioural plasticity of species and time die

Question 38

what are k-selected species

Answer 38

limited by carrying capacity, larger and longer-lived, relatively stable

Question 39

what are r-selected species

Answer 39

limited by reproductive rate, smaller and shorter-lives, relatively unstable

Question 40

how did changes in climate and environment alter species distribution in the Quaternary period

Answer 40

cyclic environmental change through the repeated expansion and contraction of range as ice melted and built up

Question 41

what is anageneis

Answer 41

evolution of a species that continues to exist as an interbreeding population

Question 42

what is cladogeneis

Answer 42

evolution of a species that splits into two lineages that do not interbreed-> creates separate species

Question 43

give two situations where a new species may arise

Answer 43

physical isolation or reproductive isolation

Question 44

when was the last peak extinction

Answer 44

65 million years ago, when the dinosaurs died out

Question 45

when should the current mass extinction actually be happening

Answer 45

in 800-10000 years

Question 46

what does evolutionary geography study

Answer 46

which factors promote speciation and which cause extinction?