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Spaceship Earth > Biogeography > Flashcards

Biogeography Flashcards

1
Q

what is biogeography

A

the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time

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2
Q

what are biogeographic realms, or ecozones

A

large scale groupings of biomes with related evolutionary histories

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3
Q

what is biogeography a combination of? two disciplines

A

ecology and history

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4
Q

definition of a population

A

group of interbreeding individuals

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5
Q

definition of a species

A

all populations that can interbreed

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6
Q

definition of a community

A

collection of different species living in proximity

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7
Q

what two categories of factors cause population change

A

instrinsic and extrinsic factors

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8
Q

what is a habitat

A

physical environment of a species or population that has the conditions to sustain a population

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9
Q

how are species distributed

A

along environmental gradients
population increases where environment becomes more favourable
where there are common preferences, a community is created

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10
Q

what halts populations growth

A

environmental factors

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11
Q

what is the biotic potential

A

the growth of a population in optimal environmental conditions without resource limitations

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12
Q

what is the carrying capacity

A

when the birth rate = death rate (any more and resources become limiting)

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13
Q

what are boom and bust cycles

A

most populations go through a lot of change over time. boom: rapid growth, bust: rapid die back due to depletion of resources or overpredation

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14
Q

by how much does the human pop. grow each year

A

80 million

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15
Q

what is the carrying capacity of spaceship earth

A

8 billion most likely

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16
Q

by how much are we currently exceeding planetary boundaries

A

60%

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17
Q

what is coevolution

A

when two species evolve together due to their interdependence

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18
Q

what is mutualism

A

ecological interaction between two species where each has net benefit

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19
Q

what is symbiotic relationship

A

close physical contact in mutualism

20
Q

give two examples of an exploitative relationship

A

predation and parasitism

21
Q

what is commensalism

A

one species benefits without affecting the other

22
Q

what is the purpose of inter or intra specific competition

A

evolutionary driver

23
Q

what is a fundamental niche

A

all the environmental conditions where a species is able to live, no competition for resources

24
Q

what is a realised niche

A

where a species actually lives, competition for resources

25
Q

what is competitive exclusion

A

species with the same niche compete until one is displaced- prompts niche differentiation

26
Q

what are the two main strategies for species to survive

A

generalists: more in the far north which has larger niches
specialists: more at the equator, small climatic range and small niches

27
Q

name three ways that biodiversity is measured

A
  1. genetic diversity- variability among DNA of individuals in a pop. or species
    bigger genetic diversity= faster adaptation
  2. habitat diversity- diversity depends on and promotes ecosystem stability
  3. species diversity- richness, evenness, dominance
28
Q

threats to ecosystems

A

loss of habitat
habitat fragmentation
loss of species
removal of keystone species through hunting etc.

29
Q

what is species vulnerability

A

when a species has overly selective breeding habits and feeding
larger species more vulnerable as they need more territory and food

30
Q

what are the two types of conservation based on location

A

in-situ or out-situ

31
Q

give reasons that biodiversity is important (utilitarian)

A 
financial
potential cures
tourism
aesthetics
spiritual and health benefits
ecological benefits
32
Q

what do intrinsic reasons for biodiversity argue for

A

not human centred
moral obligation to protect other species
eg. deep ecology

33
Q

who made a zoogeographic map and published alongside Darwin?

A

Alfred Russel Wallace

34
Q

what did the zoogeographic map show

A

based on evolutionary relationships
20 regions within 11 larger realms
most similarity of species in northern hemisphere
least similarity in south and isolated areas

35
Q

what is endemism

A

a species being native to a single geographic location

36
Q

why is there a high percentage of marsupial mammals in australia

A

endemism has produced marsupial versions of placental mammals, the isolation of the continent allowed native species to develop

37
Q

3 responses to environmental change

A

move- depends on connectivity, competition and available space
adapt - depends on behavioural plasticity of species and time
die

38
Q

what are k-selected species

A

limited by carrying capacity, larger and longer-lived, relatively stable

39
Q

what are r-selected species

A

limited by reproductive rate, smaller and shorter-lives, relatively unstable

40
Q

how did changes in climate and environment alter species distribution in the Quaternary period

A

cyclic environmental change through the repeated expansion and contraction of range as ice melted and built up

41
Q

what is anageneis

A

evolution of a species that continues to exist as an interbreeding population

42
Q

what is cladogeneis

A

evolution of a species that splits into two lineages that do not interbreed-> creates separate species

43
Q

give two situations where a new species may arise

A

physical isolation or reproductive isolation

44
Q

when was the last peak extinction

A

65 million years ago, when the dinosaurs died out

45
Q

when should the current mass extinction actually be happening

A

in 800-10000 years

46
Q

what does evolutionary geography study

A

which factors promote speciation and which cause extinction?

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