BIOL-1115 Chapter 4 Flashcards
Similarities: Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cells
Bio molecules: similar basic stucture
Plasma membrane
Cytol/cytoplasm
DNA
Ribosomes
Prokaryotic cells
No membrane bound organelles.
Have fimbraie -> for adherence
Have flagella
-> variance in presentation (their tail part)
Endosymbiotic theory
Leading theory for how eukaryotic cells came to be:
Developed from ancestral prokaryotic cells
Nucleus first developed -> folding plasma membrane
Eukaryotic cells
Membrane bound nucleus, rather than a nucleoid.
Membrane bound organelles -> with specialized functions
Lots of proteins involved
Cytoplasm
Refers to the region between the nucleus and the cell membrane
Plasma membrane
Functions as a select barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients and wastes to service the entire cell.
The nucleus
Contains most of the genes a membrane-enclosed organelle within a cell that contains the chromosomes.
Nucleolus
Site of rRNA synthesis and assembly with proteins into ribosomal subunits.
Ribosomes
Composed of rRNA and other proteins
-> found floating freely in the cytoplasm or to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum. M
Major part of protein transcription
Endomembrane system
Interconnected system between organelles built on continual membranes and transport vesicles.
->functions (protein synthesis, protein transport, cellular metabolism, lipid transport, and cell detoxification)
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Network of membranes which are continuous with the nuclear envelope.
-> lumen of the ER connects directly to the space between the nuclear membranes.
Rough ER
Hallmark feature is bound ribosomes
Does:
-> protein folding
-> prepares proteins for secretion
Smooth ER
No bound ribosomes
->synthesizes lipids
-> detoxification of drugs/toxins
-> Calcium ion storage
-> muscle cell contraction
Transitional ER
Site of transport vesicle formation
-> movement of products to other organelles (ex. Golgi apparatus)
-> secretion of products from the cell
Golgi apparatus
Acts as the shipping/receiving depot of the cells
-> modifies glycoproteins & phospholipids
-> manufactures many polysaccharides
Lysosomes
The garbage and recycling depot of the cell. Need acidic environment to be functional.
Phagocytosis
Process by which certain living cells called phagocytes in jest or engulf other cells/particles
Autophagy
Allows your body to break down and reuse old cell parts so your cells can operate more efficiently.
Vacuoles
A membrane-bound cell organelle
In animal cells -> generally small and help sequester waste
Plant cells -> help maintain water balance
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell
-> has a double membrane
-> wavy cristae increase surface area
-> has 2 different environments within because of aerobic respiration
Peroxisomes
Contain specialized enzymes which remove hydrogen from certain molecules and transfer them to oxygen.
->is able to break down H2O2 into H2O.
Cytoskeleton
(Is like scaffolding)
Composed of a network of fibres which extend through the cytoplasm.
Functions:
->cell shape
->anchorage of organelles
->motility
Microtubules: Tubulin Polymers
Functions:
- maintenance of cell shape
- cell motility
- chromosome movement
- organelle movement
Centrosomes
Region of an animal cell where microtubules are assembled.
->contains a pair of centrioles
-> found in animal cells, lacking in many others
