BIOL-1115 Chapter 3

Question 1

Organic compounds

Answer 1

Carbon-containing compounds

Question 2

Macromolecules

Answer 2

Are large organic compounds

Question 3

Hydrocarbons

Answer 3

Molecules composed of only carbon and hydrogen. Quite reactive and combustible (by high heat, pressure)

Question 4

Isomers

Answer 4

Chemical compounds that have identical chemical formulas but differ in properties and the arrangement of atoms in the molecule.

(Ex. Structural and cis-trans isomers)

Question 5

Structural isomers

Answer 5

Same chemical formula, but differ in structure due to the branching of the carbon chain.

Ex. Pentane vs 2-methyl butane

Question 6

Cis-trans isomers (geometric)

Answer 6

Same chemical formula, but differ in structure due to position of “x” bonded to the carbon. (Only around a double bond)

Question 7

Enantiomers

Answer 7

Are isomers that are mirror images of each other, that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon, one that is attached to four different atoms/group of atoms. (Changes receptor binding, can change drug activity and efficacy.)

Question 8

ATP -> Adenosine triphosphate

Answer 8

Basic “energy” molecule of the cell.
-> adenosine is formed from adenine and ribose sugar. When ATP reacts with water it releases energy.

Question 9

Macromolecules

Answer 9

Large molecules comprised of repeating components = polymers.
-> polymers are synthesized and disassembled by enzymes.
-> 4 classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid.

Question 10

Monosaccharides

Answer 10

Simple sugars = monomers
Some form of CH2O
Type of carbohydrates
Can be linear or can be ring structures

Question 11

Polysaccharides

Answer 11

Consist of multiple monomers.
Most utilize monomers of glucose.
Storage of carbohydrates for later use in plants and animals.
Type of carbohydrate

Question 12

Disaccharides

Answer 12

Type of carbohydrate
2 monomers covalently bound together

Question 13

Lipids

Answer 13

Structurally diverse group
-> are hydrophobic in nature
-> mainly comprised of hydrocarbons
3 kinds, fats, phospholipids, steroids

Question 14

Fats (triacylglycerol)

Answer 14

Cellular functions:
->energy storage
->insulation
->protection

Question 15

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 15

Only single bonds
Chains are straight
PAC tightly: solid at room temperature

Question 16

Unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 16

Double bonds in carbon backbone
Produces a “kink” in the chain

Question 17

Phospholipids

Answer 17

The main structural component of cellular membranes

Question 18

Steroids

Answer 18

Consist of 4 fused hydrocarbon rings.
Different functional groups attached to the rings
Ex. Cholesterol

Question 19

Protein

Answer 19

Biologically active, composed of one or more polypeptides.

Question 20

What are the functions of a protein?

Answer 20

Enzymatic, defensive, transport, hormonal, storage, receptor, contractile/motor, structural.

Question 21

What are the three major components of an amino acid structure?

Answer 21

Amine group (+)
Carbonyl group (-)
Variable side group (R)

Question 22

What are the three amino acid groupings called?

Answer 22

Non polar (hydrophobic)
Polar (hydrophilic)
Charged (acidic or basic)

Question 23

Polypeptide synthesis

Answer 23

Backbone of amino-carbonyl molecule.
Peptide bond forms through a dehydration reaction.

Question 24

What are the four levels of protein structure?

Answer 24

1.) Primary
2.) secondary
3.)Tertiary
4.)Quaternary

Question 25

What is the primary level protein structure?

Answer 25

The amino acid sequence -> determined by DNA (genes)

Question 26

What is the secondary level of protein structure?

Answer 26

Localized coils and folds. ->2 basic shapes -> a helix -> B - pleated sheet

Question 27

What is the tertiary level of protein structure?

Answer 27

Overall shape of polypeptide -> created by interactions between side chains (R)

Question 28

What is the quaternary level of protein structure?

Answer 28

Formed by interactions between two or more polypeptides. (Not all proteins have this structure)

Question 29

Protein folding

Answer 29

Essential for a polypeptide chain to acquire its proper structure and function. -> is aided by other specialized proteins

Question 30

Nucleic acid

Answer 30

Polymers composed of nucleotide building blocks. 2 major forms: DNA and RNA

Question 31

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Answer 31

Serves a number of functions within the cell depending on their type of RNA, -> mRNA ->messenger -> rRNA -> ribosomal ->tRNA -> transfer

Question 32

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Answer 32

Comprised of genes which encode polypeptides.

Question 33

Nucleotide

Answer 33

Are the basic monomer building blocks of nucleic acids. -> have a nitrogenous base, as phosphate group, and a pentose sugar.

Question 34

Pyrimidines

Answer 34

Contain one 6-carbon ring

Question 35

Purines

Answer 35

Contain one 6-carbon ring and one 5-carbon ring

Question 36

Structure of DNA?

Answer 36

2 strands which wind around one another = double helix Antiparallel arrangement Complimentary base pairing between the 2 strands.

Question 37

Structure of RNA?

Answer 37

Composed of a single strand Complimentary base pairing can occur within or between strands. Base pairing creates specific shapes = specific functions

Question 38

Polypeptide

Answer 38

A polymer of amino acids