BIOL Lab 7: Histology, External Anatomy, Skeletal System Flashcards
(26 cards)
Coronal (Frontal)
A lengthwise plane, perpendicular to the midsagittal plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) halves.
Transverse
A horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower halves.
Sagittal
An off-center longitudinal plane creating unequal left and right halves.
Mid-Sagittal
A longitudinal plane along the midline that divides the body lengthwise into externally symmetrical right and left halves.
Ventral
Front of body.
Dorsal
Back of body.
Medial
Toward the midline (vertical)
Lateral
Toward the side of the body.
Cranial
(Cephalic) - toward the head.
Caudal
Toward the rear or tail.
Proximal
Closer to the point of attachment.
Distal
Farther from the point of attachment.
Flat Bones
Ribs, skull bones, scapula, sternum
Short Bones
Wrist (carpals), foot (tarsals)
Long Bones
Thigh (femur), leg (tibia, fibula), arm
(humerus), forearm (ulna, radius), fingers and
toes (phalanges, metacarpals, metatarsals)
Irregular Bones
Vertebrae, facial bones, hipbones (pelvis)
Sesamoid Bones
Patella
Compact Bone
Bone is a type of connective tissue. Living cells (osteocytes) are embedded in a matrix of collagenous fibers and inorganic salts (calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate). It is composed of concentric cylinders called osteons or Haversian systems. The concentric rings that make up each osteon are called lamellae and these surround a central canal (also called the Haversian canal) which contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels. Between the lamellae are small spaces called lacunae where, in living bone, the osteocytes (live bone cells) are found. Minute tracts radiating from the lacunae are called canaliculi and these contain the delicate projections of the osteocytes. These tracts allow for the exchange of nutrients and wastes among the osteocytes. The regions between the osteons are filled with interstitial lamellae.
Hyaline Cartilage
This tissue is found in the ventral end of ribs, in tracheal rings and the larynx, and on joint surfaces of bones. The firm intercellular matrix is composed of sulfated polymerized mucopolysaccharides (chondroitin sulfate). The cells, called “chondrocytes,” are contained in spaces called “lacunae.” Groups of two or more cells within the lacunae are often seen. These cells may appear to be somewhat collapsed due to loss of fat and glycogen during tissue preparation.
Skeletal Muscle
Composed of large, elongated, multinucleated cells. Nuclei have tapered ends and are located peripherally. Striations (a series of roughly parallel bands) should be faintly visible in the cytoplasm. These are due to arrangement of the contractile proteins actin and myosin. In cross section, you can easily see the peripheral location of the nuclei. To produce a certain motion, most skeletal muscles work in groups rather than alone.
SUTURE Joint
Immovable connections between bones with interlocking projections; provides highest degree of strength but allows no motion.
Ex. Cranial Surfaces
HINGE Joint
Convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of another; permits movement in only one plane.
Ex. Metacarpal/Phalange
SPHEROIDAL (Ball-and-socket) Joint
Round head fits into cup-shaped socket; permits greatest range of motion.
Ex. Humerus/Scapula
Femur/Ischium (pelvis)
GLIDING Joint
Flat or slightly curved surfaces oppose one another for sliding motion; permits only slight movement, but in all directions.
Ex. Between Carpals
Between Tarsals