BIOL Lab 7: Histology, External Anatomy, Skeletal System

Question 1

Coronal (Frontal)

Answer 1

A lengthwise plane, perpendicular to the midsagittal plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) halves.

Question 2

Transverse

Answer 2

A horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower halves.

Question 3

Sagittal

Answer 3

An off-center longitudinal plane creating unequal left and right halves.

Question 4

Mid-Sagittal

Answer 4

A longitudinal plane along the midline that divides the body lengthwise into externally symmetrical right and left halves.

Question 5

Ventral

Answer 5

Front of body.

Question 6

Dorsal

Answer 6

Back of body.

Question 7

Medial

Answer 7

Toward the midline (vertical)

Question 8

Lateral

Answer 8

Toward the side of the body.

Question 9

Cranial

Answer 9

(Cephalic) - toward the head.

Question 10

Caudal

Answer 10

Toward the rear or tail.

Question 11

Proximal

Answer 11

Closer to the point of attachment.

Question 12

Distal

Answer 12

Farther from the point of attachment.

Question 13

Flat Bones

Answer 13

Ribs, skull bones, scapula, sternum

Question 13

Short Bones

Answer 13

Wrist (carpals), foot (tarsals)

Question 13

Long Bones

Answer 13

Thigh (femur), leg (tibia, fibula), arm
(humerus), forearm (ulna, radius), fingers and
toes (phalanges, metacarpals, metatarsals)

Question 13

Irregular Bones

Answer 13

Vertebrae, facial bones, hipbones (pelvis)

Question 14

Sesamoid Bones

Answer 14

Patella

Question 15

Compact Bone

Answer 15

Bone is a type of connective tissue. Living cells (osteocytes) are embedded in a matrix of collagenous fibers and inorganic salts (calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate). It is composed of concentric cylinders called osteons or Haversian systems. The concentric rings that make up each osteon are called lamellae and these surround a central canal (also called the Haversian canal) which contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels. Between the lamellae are small spaces called lacunae where, in living bone, the osteocytes (live bone cells) are found. Minute tracts radiating from the lacunae are called canaliculi and these contain the delicate projections of the osteocytes. These tracts allow for the exchange of nutrients and wastes among the osteocytes. The regions between the osteons are filled with interstitial lamellae.

Question 16

Hyaline Cartilage

Answer 16

This tissue is found in the ventral end of ribs, in tracheal rings and the larynx, and on joint surfaces of bones. The firm intercellular matrix is composed of sulfated polymerized mucopolysaccharides (chondroitin sulfate). The cells, called “chondrocytes,” are contained in spaces called “lacunae.” Groups of two or more cells within the lacunae are often seen. These cells may appear to be somewhat collapsed due to loss of fat and glycogen during tissue preparation.

Question 17

Skeletal Muscle

Answer 17

Composed of large, elongated, multinucleated cells. Nuclei have tapered ends and are located peripherally. Striations (a series of roughly parallel bands) should be faintly visible in the cytoplasm. These are due to arrangement of the contractile proteins actin and myosin. In cross section, you can easily see the peripheral location of the nuclei. To produce a certain motion, most skeletal muscles work in groups rather than alone.

Question 17

SUTURE Joint

Answer 17

Immovable connections between bones with interlocking projections; provides highest degree of strength but allows no motion.

Ex. Cranial Surfaces

Question 18

HINGE Joint

Answer 18

Convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of another; permits movement in only one plane.

Ex. Metacarpal/Phalange

Question 18

SPHEROIDAL (Ball-and-socket) Joint

Answer 18

Round head fits into cup-shaped socket; permits greatest range of motion.

Ex. Humerus/Scapula
Femur/Ischium (pelvis)

Question 19

GLIDING Joint

Answer 19

Flat or slightly curved surfaces oppose one another for sliding motion; permits only slight movement, but in all directions.

Ex. Between Carpals
Between Tarsals

Question 19

PIVOT Joint

Answer 19

One bone turns around the other bone as its pivot point; permits rotating movement.

Ex. Radius/Ulna
Atlas/Axis

Question 20

CONDYLAR Joint

Answer 20

Two knuckle-shaped surfaces engage corresponding concave surfaces; permits movement in only one plane.

Ex. Femur/Tibia