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BIOL235_Chap4 Flashcards

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1
Q

tissue

A

a group of cells that usually have a common origin in an embryo and function together to carry out specialized activities

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2
Q

4 types of tissue

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

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3
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts. also forms glands
allows body to interact iwht internal + external environment

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4
Q

Connective tissue

A

protects + supports the body + its organs. bind organs tog, store energy reserves as fat, help provide immunity to disease-causing organisms

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5
Q

muscular tissue

A

composed of cells specializdd for contraction + generation of forc. generates heat to warm body

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6
Q

nervous tissue

A

detects changes in a variety of conditions inside + outside body. + responds by generating electical signals called nerve action potentials (nerve impulses) that activated muscular contractions + glandular secretions

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7
Q

cell junctions

A

contact points betw plasma membranes of tissue cells

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8
Q

5 cell junctions

A

tight junctions
adherens junctions
desmosomes
hemidesmosomes
gap junctions

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9
Q

tight junctions

A

weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse tog the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes to seal off passageways betw adjacent cells

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10
Q

adherens junctions

A

contain plaque a dense layer of proteins on the inside of the PM that attaches to the membrane proteins + microfilaments actin of the cytoskeleton

help epithelial surfaces resist separation during contractile activities

links cells - actin filaments

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11
Q

cadherins

A

transmembrane glycoproteins that join cells in adherens junctions

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12
Q

adhesion belts

A

extensive zones formed by adherens junctions

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13
Q

desmosomes

A

contain plaque and have transmembrane glycoporteins (cadherins) that extend into the intercellular space between adjacent cell membranes and attach cells to one another

BUT plaque does NOT attach to microfilaments

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14
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

resemble desmosomes but don’t link adjacent cells
adhere epithelia to basement membranes

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15
Q

integrins

A

transmembrane glycoproteins in hemidesmosomes

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16
Q

Gap junctions

A

where membrane proteins called connexins form tiny fluid-filled tunnels called connexons that connect neighboring cells

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17
Q

connexins

A

membrane proteins in gap junctions

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18
Q

connexons

A

tiny fluid-filled tunnels formed by connexins in gap junctions

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19
Q

epithelial tissue = epithelium

A

consists of cells arranged in cont sheets, either single or mult layers

Functionally - protects, secretes, absorbs, ans excretes substances in the urinary tract

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20
Q

various surfaces of cover and lining epithelial cells often…

A

differ in structure + have specialized functions

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21
Q

basement membrane

A

thin extracellular layer in epithelial tissue that commonly consists of the basal lamina + reticular lamina

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22
Q

basal lamina

A

extracellular layer in epithelium closer to and secreted by epithelial cells

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23
Q

reticular lamina

A

extracellular layer in epithelium closer to underlying connective tissue

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24
Q

avascular

A

without blood vessels

relies on adjacent connective tissue to supply nut.s + remove wastes

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25
Epithelium roles in the body:
1 covering + lining epithelium (surface epithelium) 2 glandular epithelium
26
covering + lining epithelium = surface epithelium
forms outer covering of skin + some internal organs also inner lining of blood vessels, ducts, body cavities, + interior of respiratory, digestive, urinary, + reproductive systems
27
glandular epithelium
makes up secreting portion of glands (like thyroid, adrenal, sweat, digestive)
28
epithelium arrangement of cells in layers (3)
simple epithelium - (single layer of cells, difusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, absorption) pseudostratified epithelium - false (appears to have mult layers of cells, but actualy simple epithelium bec cells rest on basement membrane) stratified epithelium - (consists of 2+ layers of cells that protect underlying tissues in locations with wear + tear
29
Epithelium Cell shapes
squamous cells - (thin, allows rapid passage of substances thru) Cuboidal cells - (as tall as wide, shaped like cubes or hexagons, secretion or absorption) columnar cells - (must taller than wide, secretion absorption) transitional cells - (change shape from squamous to cuboidal, urinary bladder which can stretch and collapse)
30
function of glandular epithelium?
secretion
31
gland
consists of epithelium that secretes substances into ducts (tubes), onto a surface, or into the blood) endocrine or exocrine
32
Endocrine glands
secrete into interstitial fluid + diffuse into bloodstreem NO DUCTS secrete hormones Secretions have far-reaching effects
33
Exocrine glands
secrete products into ducts that empty unto surface of epithelium like skin secretions have limited effects
34
structural classification of exocrine glands:
unicellular (single-celled glands) multicellular (many cells to form structure)
35
simple gland
duct that doest not branch
36
compound cland
duct that branches
37
tubular glands
glands with tubular secretory parts
38
acinar glands
glands with rounded secretory parts
39
tubuloacinar glands
glands that have tubular + rouned secretory parts
40
functional classification of exocrine glands:
Merocrine glands (released from cell in secretory vesicles via exocytosis) Apocrine glands (portion of cell pinches off by exocytosis from rest of cell to release secretion) Holocrine glands (as secretory cell matures, it ruptures + becomes secretory product) (based on how secretions released)
41
connective tissue
one of most abundant + widely distributed tissues in body binds, supports, strengthens protects insulates, transport system, energy storage
42
general features of connective tissue
extracellular matrix (material betw widely spaced cells) in cartilage is pliable, but hard + inflexible in bone
43
connective tissue cells (6)
1. Fibroblasts (large lfat cells with branching processes, present in all general connective tissues) 2. macrophages (phagocytes that develop from monocytes, help with infection and phagocytosis) 3. plasma cells (plasmocytes = found in many places, most in connective tissu) 4. mast cells ( inflamammatory response + reaction to injury or infection, can also kill/injest bacteria) 5. Adipocytes (fat cells/adipose cells, store triglycerides/fats. around heart + kidneys) 6. Leukocytes (white blood cells = not many in connective, can migrate from blood into connective)
44
types of connective tissue have unique properties based on?
specific extracellular materials betw cells
45
extracellular matrix consists of? (2)
ground substance fibers
46
ground substance
component of connective tissue betw cells + fibers fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, calcified
47
hyaluronic acid
viscous slippery substance that binds cells tog, lubricates joints, + helps maintain eyeball shape sperm produces enzyme that breaks it down so that it can penetrate oocyte
48
types of fibers (3)
collagen fibers elastic fibers reticular fibers
49
collagen fibers
very strong + resist pulling/stretching, not stiff flexibiltiy of tissue
50
elastic fibers
smaller diameter than collagen, strong but can be stretched up to 150% of relaxed length due to unique network molecular structure lots in skin, blood vessel walls, lung tissue
51
reticular fibers
collagen arranged in fine bundles with glycoprotein coating, supports blood vessel walls + forms network arnd cells in adipose tissue, nerve fibers, smooth muscle
52
stroma
supporting framework of many soft organs like splean/ lymph nodes, help form basement membrane support + strength
53
Classification of connective tissue
embryonic connective tissue (mesenchyme + mucous) Mature connective tissue (connective tissue proper, supporting CT, liquid CT - blood/lymph)
54
embryonic connective tissue
1st major subclass of connective tissue has mesenchyme + mucous CT
55
mature connective tissue
2nd major subclass of connective tissue has connective tissue proper, supporting CT, + liquid CT
56
connective tissue proper
type of CT that is flexible + has viscous ground substance with abundant fibers everything except liquid and supporting CT (blood/lymph/bones/cartilage) loose connective tissue dense connective tissue
57
loose connective tissue
CT in connective tissue proper fibers that are loosely arranged betw cells
58
dense connective tissue
Ct in CT proper contains more fibers which are thicking + densly packed, but fewer cells than loose CT
59
supporting connective tissue
mature CT that includes cartilage + bones
60
cartilage
Supporting CT that consists of a dense network of collagen + elastic fibers firmly embedded in a gel-like ground substance. tougher than CT proper strength due to collagen fibers few cells but lots extracellular matrix
61
3 types of carilage
hyaline cartilage fibrocartilage elastic cartilage
62
patterns of cartilage growth
interstitial growth (from within) appositional growth (from outer surface of tissue)
63
Bone tissue
type of supporting CT stores Ca + P, has red bone marrow (produces blood cells), has yellow bone marrow (storage site for triglycerides)
64
bone tissue
organs composed of diff Ct's classified as compact or spongy
65
bone
osseous tissue
66
osteon = haversian system
basic unit of compact bone
67
4 parts of an osteon
1. lamellae (makes bones hard, strong,) 2. lacunae (small spaces between lamelae) 3. canaliculi (mini canals with osteocytes, canals for nuts to reach osteocytes and wastes leave 4. central cana = haversian canal (contains blood vessels + nerves)
68
osteocytes
mature bones cells
69
spongy bone
bone tissue that lacks osteons, but has columns of bone called trabeculae which contain lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae, + canaliculi
70
trabeculae
columns of bone in spongy bone tissue
71
liquid connective tissue
type of mature Ct that has liquid as extracellular matrix -blood -lymph
72
blood
liquid CT that has liquid extracellular matrix called blood plasma + formed elements
73
blood plasma
pale yellow fluid that is mosty water with dissolved substances in it
74
formed elements
things susepended in blood plasma - red blood cells (erythrocytes) - white blood cells (leukocytes) - platelets
75
lymph
extracellular fluid that flows in lymphatic vessels like blood plasma but less protein
76
membranes
flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover/line a part of the body generally consists of epithelial layer + underlying connective tissue layer epithelial membranes
77
epithelial membranes
underlying CT layer (under epithelial layer) mucous membranes, serous membranes, cutaneous membranes, skin
78
mucous membrane = mucosa
lines a body cavity that opens directly to exterior (digestive, respiratory, reproductive tracts, urinary)
79
lamina propria
the areolar CT layer of a mucous membrane
80
serous membrane
lines body cavity that does not open directly to exterior (thoracic/abdominal cavities)
81
parietal layer
layer of the serous membrane attached to + lining cavity wall
82
visceral layer
layer of serous membrane that covers + adheres to organs within the cavity
83
serous fluid
watery lubricant that allows organs to glide easily over each other or slide against walls of cavities
84
cutaneous membrane
skin covers surface of body epidermis + dermis (deeper)
85
synovial membrane
line cavities of freely movable joints (joint cavities) don't open to exterior
86
synovial fluid
lubricates + nourishes cartilage covering bones at movable joints + contains macrophages that remove microbes + debris from joint cavity
87
muscular tissue
consists of elongated cells (muscle fibers) that can use ATP to generate force posture, movements, heat skeletal, cariac, smooth
88
skeletal muscle tissue
consists of long, cylindrical, striated fibers. very in length. roughly cylindrical, multinucleated cells. VOLUNTARY - can be made to contract or relax by consciuos control
89
Cardiac muscle tissue
consists of branched, striated fibers, usually 1 nucleus, attached to plasma membrane at intercalated discs that have desmosomes + gap junctions INVOLUNTARY
90
Smooth muscle tissue
consists of nonstriated fiebrs, single, centrally located nucleus, gap junctions, stomach, intestines, eye balls, uterus usually involuntary
91
nervous tissue
consists of 2 cell types: neurons + neuroglia
92
neurons
nerve cells do nerve impulses sensitive to stimuli convert stimuli to electrical signals - nerve action potentials
93
neuroglia
don't generate or do nerve impulses, supportive functions
94
excitable cells
cells (like neurons + muscle fibers) that exhibit electrical excitability
95
electrical excitability
ability to resond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals

BIOL235 (10 decks)

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