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BIOL235_Chap5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Integumentary System

A

System composed of skin, hair, oil and sweat glands, nails and sensory receptors.

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2
Q

Skin

A

Cutaneous membrane

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3
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

covers body’s external surface and is largest organ by weight

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4
Q

Epidermis

A

superficial, thinner and upper portion of skin
Avascular
no bleeding if broken

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5
Q

Dermis

A

Deeper/thicker connective tissue portion of skin
Vascular
bleeding if broken

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6
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A

hypodermis

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7
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A

not part of skin. fibers from the dermis anchor skin to this layer

areolar + adipose tissues

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8
Q

Lamellated corpuscles (pacinian corpuscles)

A

nurve endings where the large blood vessels that supply the skin are

sensitive to pressure

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9
Q

4 Epidermis cells

A

keratinocytes
melanocytes
intraepidermal macrophages
tactile epithelial cells

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10
Q

keratinocytes

A

90% of epidermal cells
produce protein keratin
produce lamellar granules

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11
Q

Melanocytes

A

8% of epidermal cells
produce melanin pigment

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12
Q

Melanin

A

yellow-red or brown-black pigment absorbs damaging UV light. protect from UV light on the skin

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13
Q

intraepidermal macrophages = langerhans cells

A

small fraction of epidermis cells
immune responses . help other cells of hte immune system recognize an invading microbe + desroy invading microbe

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14
Q

Tactile epithelial cells = Merkel cells

A

least numerous epidermal cells
deepest layer of epidermis
contact tactile disc/Merkel disc

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15
Q

thin skin

A

the 4 strata of epidermis that most regions of the body have

(Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, + thin stratum corneum)

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16
Q

thick skin

A

the 5 layers of the epidermis the body has at points of high friction (fingertips, palms, soles etc.)

(Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum + thick stratum corneum)

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17
Q

Stratum basale

A

deepest layer of epidermis
some are stem cells

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18
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

2nd deepest epidermis layer
keratinocytes produced from below in stratum basale layer
some can still divide.

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19
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

3rd deepest layer of epidermis (middle layer of epidermis)
3-5 layers of keratinocytes undergoing apoptosis (dying)

keratohyalin protein present

transition between deeper/metabolically active strata/layers and more superficial strata

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20
Q

lamellar granules

A

secretion deposited in between cell spaces of stratum granulosum, lucidum and corneum
water repellent sealant.

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21
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

layer/stratum of epidermis only presnt in thick skin areas - fingertips, palms, soles
dead keratinocytes with lots of keratin and thickened plasma membranes.

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22
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

Uppermost layer of epidermis
lots of dead keratinocytes. thin cells. final product of differentiation process.

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23
Q

Callus

A

constant exposure of skin to friction stimulates inc cell + keratin production and forms thickening of stratum corneum

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24
Q

Keratinization

A

the process by which cells move from one epidermal layer to the next accumulating increasing levels of keratin

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25
Epidermal growth factor
hormonelike protein that plays a role in how cell division rates in the stratum basale inc when outer layers of the epidermis are stripped away like in abrasions and burns
26
dandruff
excessive amount of keratinized cells shed from skin of scalp
27
Dermis
deeper part of the skin composed of dense irregular connective tissue contaning collagen + elastic fibers great tensile strength + elasticity dried + treated = leather blood vessles, nerves, glands + hair follicles within essential to epidermis survival -thin superficial papillary region + thick deeper reticular region
28
Papillary region
very thin layer of dermis. has dermal papillae
29
Dermal papillae
small, nipple-shaped structures that project into the undersurface of the epidermis. contain capillary loops (blood vessels) sometimes contain corpuscles of touch (Meissner corpuscles some contain free nerve endings
30
Corpuscles of touch
(Meissner corpuscles) nerve endings that are sensitive to touch
31
Free nerve endings
dendrites that lack any apparent structureal specialization give rise to sensations of warmth, coolnes, pain, tickling + itching
32
reticular region
region of the dermis attached to the subcutaneous layer regular orientation of large collagen fibers makes skin resisst stretching between fibers = blood vessles, nerves, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands -fibers give skin extensibility + elasticity
33
extensibility
ability to stretch
34
elasticity
ability to return to original shape after stretching
35
Epidermal ridges
ridges + grooves of palms, fingers, soles, and toes that appear either as stright lines or as a pattern of loops and whorls like fingerprints. produced - 3rd month fetal development create strong bond between epidermis and dermis in high stress areas
36
Fingerprints + footprints form bec
sweat gland ducts open on the tops of epidermal ridges as sweat pores, so the sweat makes prints when they touch a smooth surface.
37
Melanin + Hemoglobin + Carotene
skin colour pigments
38
Melanin
pale yellow to reddish brown to black skin melanin produced cells are most plentiful in epidermis of breast nipples, areolae, face, limbs
39
differences in skin colour due mainly to...
the amount of pigment the malanocytes produce and transfer to keratinocytes
40
Hairs = pili
present on most skin surfaces thickness + pattern largely determined by genetics and hormones
41
hair is composed of...
columns of dead, keratinized epidermal cells bonded together by extracellular proteins
42
Hair Shaft
superficial portion of the hair which projects above the surface of the skin
43
hair root
portion of the hair deep to the shaft that penetrates into the dermis and sometimes the subcutaneous layer
44
hair layers
medulla, cortext, cuticle
45
medula
inner layer of hair, (may not be in thinner hair)
46
cortex
middle layer of hair,
47
epithelial root sheath
external + internal hair root sheath together
47
hair follicle
surrounds root of hair. made up of internal + external root sheath cellular tubular sheath of epithelium betw external root sheath and hair
48
cuticle
outermost layer of hair
49
dermal root sheath
dense dermis surrounding hair follicle
50
hair bulb
onion-shaped structure at the base of each hair follicle and its surrounding dermal root sheath
51
papilla of hair
nipple-shaped indentation housed by the hair bulb contains areolar ct + blood vessels to nourish growing hair follicle
52
hair matrix
germinal layer of cells contained by the hair bulb
53
arrector pili
smooth muscle associated with hair enable goose bumps where hair stands at 90 degrees to skin
54
sebaceous glands = oil glands
simple branched acinar (rounded glands). generally connected to hair follicles. absent on palms and heals,
55
sebum
oily substane secreted by sebaceous glands keeps hair from drying out
56
sudoriferous glands = sweat glands
release sweat, perspiration eccrine or appocrine
57
eccrine sweat glands
simple coiled tubular glands very common help regulate body temp thru evaporation exocytosis secretion
58
thermoregulation
homeostatic regulation of body temp
59
apocrine sweat glands
less common simple tubular coiled glands but larger ducts exocytosis secretion emotional sweating
60
ceruminous glands
modified swat glands in the external ear produce earwax/cerumen
61
cerumen
ear wax
62
nails
plates of tightly packed, hard, dead, keratinized epidermal cells that form clear, solid covreing over dorsal surfaces of teh distal portions of digits
63
components of a nail (3)
nail body (plate) (visible portion of nail) free edge (extends past end of finger) nail root (buried in a fold of skin
64
lunula
whiteish crescent shaped area of proximal end of nail body
65
hyponychium
region of stratum corneum beneath free edge junciton bet free edge and skin of fingertip, secures nail to finger
66
nail bed
skin below nail plate
67
eponychium
cuticle, narrow band of epidermis that is around the lateral border of the nail securing it from the sides
68
hangnail
torn piece of skin at the side or base of fingernail or toenail
69
nail matrix
portion of epithelium proximal to nail root, superficial matrix cells divide mitotically to produce new nail cells determines nail growth rate
70
nail functions (3)
1. protect distal ends of digits 2. provide support/counterpressure to palmar surface of fingers to enhance touch perception + manipulation 3. allow grasping + manipulating of small objects and body grooming/scratching
71
major types of skin (2)
thin (hairy) skin thick (hairless) skin
72
thermoregulation
homeostatic regulation of body temp
73
blood reservoir
skin acts as a blood reservoir bec dermis houses an extensive network of blood vessels that carry 8-10% of total blood flow in resting adult
74
how does skin provide protection?
keratin protects underlying tissues from microbes, abrasion, heat, chemicals etc. inhibit water evap/ protect from dehydration
75
cutaneous sensations
sensations that arise in the skin (touch, pressure, vibration, tickling) warmth/coolness
76
excretion
elimination of substances from the body
77
absorption
passage of materials from external environment into body cells
78
synthesis of vit D
requires activation of precursor molec in skin by ultraviolet rays in sunlight enzymes in liver/kidneys than modify activated molec finnally producing calcitriol which is most active from of D, hormone calcitriol acts aid for Ca absoprtion in gastrointestinal tract (10-15 min 2x/wk)

BIOL235 (10 decks)

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