BIOL235_Chap9 Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
joint
A
articulation
arthrosis
point of contact between 2 bones, betw bone + cartilage or betw bone + teeth
2
Q
structural classification of joints
A
fibrous joints
cartilaginous joints
synovial joints
based on 1 presence/absence of space betwe articulating bones = synovial cavity and 2 type of CT that binds bones together
3
Q
fibrous joints
A
structural class of jiotns
no synovial cavity
bones helf tog by dense irregular ct + rich in collagen fibers
little to no movement
sutures
syndesmoses
interosseous membranes
4
Q
cartilaginous joints
A
structural class of joints
no synovial cavity
bones held tog with cartilage
5
Q
synovial joints
A
structural class of joints
bones forming joint have synovial cavity
united by dense irregular ct of an articular capsule + often accessory ligaments
6
Q
function classification of joitns
A
based on degree of movement they permit
synarthrosis
amphiarthrosis
diarthrosis
7
Q
synarthrosis
A
functional class of joints
an immovable joint
8
Q
amphiarthrosis
A
functional class of joints
slightly moveable joint
9
Q
diarthrosis
A
functional class of joints
freely movable joint
all are synovial joints
variety of shapes + permit several diff types of movements
10
Q
suture
A
fibrous joint
composed of thin layer of dense irregular ct
only occur in bones of skull
irregular interlocking gives strength + dec risk of fracturing
form as numerous bones of skull come into contact during development
immovable (adults + older kids) slightly moveable (young children + infants)
shock absorption in skull
11
Q
synostosis
A
suture that is replaced by bone in adult
bony joint
complete fusion of 2 separate bones into one
12
Q
syndesmosis
A
fibrous joint with greater distance betw articulating surfaces + more dense irregular ct than suture
dence ct arranged as bundle/ligament allowing joint limited movement
amphiarthrosis - limited movement
distal tibiofibular joint where anterior tibiofibular ligament connects tibia + fibula
13
Q
interosseous membrane
A
fibrous joint
substantial sheet of dense irregular ct binds neighboring long bones + permits lisght movement (amphiarthrosis)
betw radius + ulna and tibia + fibula
14
Q
cartilaginous joint
A
no synovial cavity
little to no movement (synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis)
articulating bones tightly connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
synchondroses
symphyses
epiphyseal cartilages
15
Q
synchondrosis
A
cartilaginous joint
hyaline cartilage
slightly movable (amphiarthrosis) to immovable (synarthrosis)
joint betw first rib + manubrium of sternum
16
Q
symphysis
A
cartilaginous joitn
ends of articulating bones covered with hyaline cartilage
broad falt disc of fibrocartilage connects bones
all in midline of body
pubic symphysis
junction betw manubrium + body of sternum
+ at intervertebral joints betw bodies of vertebrae
slightly movable joint = amphiarthrosis
17
Q
epiphyseal cartilages
A
hyaline cartilage growth centers during endochondral bone formation
not joints associated with movements
epiphyseal growth plate that connects epiphysis + diaphysis of growing bone
immovable joint synarthrosis
when bone elongation ceases, bone replaces hyaline cartilage + becomes synostosis or bony joint
18
Q
what is the unique characteristic of a synovial joint
A
synovial cavity or joint cavity betw articulating bones
19
Q
all synovial joints are classified as functionally
A
diarthroses = freely movable
20
Q
what is the hyaline carilaged called that covers the bones at a synovial joint?
A
articular cartilage
covers articulating surfaces of bones iwth smooth slippery surface but doesn’t bind them together
reduces friction betwe bones in joint during movement + helps absorb shock
21
Q
articular cartilage
A
hyaline cartilage that surrounds bones in synovial joints to allow movement
doesn’t bind bones tog
22
Q
articular capsule
A
joint capsule
surrounds synovial joint + encloses synovial cavity + unites articulating bones
composed of 2 layers: outer fibrous membrane + inner synovial membrane
23
Q
fibrous membrane
A
the outer layer of the articular capsule
dense irregular ct that attaches periosteum of articulating bones
thickened continuation of bone periosteum betw bones
membrane’s flexibility permits considerable movement of joitn
great tensile strength helps prevent dislocating
soemtimes ligaments fibers
24
Q
ligaments
A
fiber bundles in fibrous membranes arranged in parallel bundles that are really good at resisting strains
strength of ligaments = principal mechanical factors that hold bones close toge in synovial joitn
25
synovial membrane
inner layer of the articular capsule
composed of areolar ct with elastic fibers
many have adipose tissue - articular fat pads
secretes synovial fluid
26
articular fat pads
accumulations of adipose tissue at many synovial joints
intrapatellar fat pad in knee
27
synovial fluid
secreted by synovial membrane of articular capsule in synovial joints
viscous, clear or pale yellow fluid - uncooked egg white
hyaluronic acid
thin film over surfaces within articular capsule
reduce friction by lubricating joitns, abdorb shock, supply o2. + nuts to + remove co2 + waste from chondrocytes in articular cartilage
contains phagocytic cells
when joint immobile for a while - fluid becomes less viscous - need to warm up before exercise to stimulate secretion of synovial fluid
more fluid = less stress on joints during activity
28
accessory ligaments
contained in many synovial joitns
in or outside articular capsule
extracapsular ligaments + intravapsular ligaments
29
articular discs
menisci
crescent-shaped pads of fibrocartilage in some synovial joints like knees, that lie betw articular surfaces of bones + are attached to fibrous capsule
usually subdivide synovial cavity into 2 spaces to allwo separate movements to occur in each space
not completely understood
shock absorption, better fit betw articulating bondy surfaces, adaptible surfaces for combined movements, weight distribution over greater contact surfaces, distribution of synovial lubricant across articular surfaces of joint
30
labrum
fibrocartilaginous lip that extends from edge of joint socket
helsp deepen joint socket + inc area of contact betw socket + ball-like surface of head of humerus or femur
prominent in the ball-and-socket joints of should + hip
31
nerve + blood supply
same nerves supply joint as thos that supply skeletal muscles for moving the joint
synovial joints contain many nerve endings that are distributed to articular capsule + ligaments
some nerve endings convey joint pain to spinal cord + brain, others respnd to degree of movement + stretch - reflexes of knee
spinal cord + brain respond by sending impulses thru diff nerves to muscles to adjust body movements
chondrocytes in articular cartilage are supplied + wastes dealt with via synovial fluid, all others tissues directly via veins + arteries
many components of synovial joints are avascular, but arteries in vicinity send out branches that penetrate ligaments + articular capsule to deliver o2 + nuts
veins remove co2 + wastes from joints
arterial branches from several diff arteries merge arnd jointbefore penetrating articular capsule
chondrocytes in articular cartilage of synovial joint receive o2 + nuts from synovial fluid derived from blood, all other joint tissues supplied by capillaries directly
co2 + wastes pass from chondrocytes of articular cartilage into synovial fluid then to veins, co2 + wastes from other joint structures pass directly into veins
32
bursae
HELP with FRICTION
saclike structures that alleviate friction in some joints like shoulder + knee
similar to articular capsules
not strictly in synovial joints
walls have outer fibrous membrane of thin dense ct lined by synovial membrane, have fliud similar
betw skin + bones, tendons + bones, muscles + bones, ligaments + bones
cushion movement of body parts against each other
33
tendon sheaths synovial sheaths
HELP with FRICTION
reduce friction at joints
tubelike bursae
wrap arnd certain tendons with lots of friction as pass thru tunnels formed by ct + bone
inner visceral layer of tendons sheath attached to tendon surface
outer/parietal layer attached to bone
layers form a cavity betw them with film of synovial fluid
tendon sheath protects all sides of tendon from friction as tendon slides back + forth
found where tendons pass thru synovial cavities like tendon of biceps brachii muscle in shoulder
also in wrist + ankle whre many tendons come tog in confined space + in fingers + toes where there's lots of movement
34
gliding
simple synovial joint movement
back-and-forth side-to-side movements of nearly flat bone surfaces relative to eatch other
no significant alteration of angle betw bones
limited range due to structureof articular capsule + ligaments + bopnes
can be combined with rotation
intercarpal + intertarsal joints
35
what kind of movements due the intercarpal + intertarsal joints do
gliding
36
angular movements
movements where there is an inc or dec in the angle betw articulating bones
major movemnts are:
flexion
extension
lateral flexion
hyperextension
abduction
adduction
circumduction
37
flexion
angular moevement where there is a dec in angle betw articulating bones
(lift leg up)
often along sagittal plane
opposite of extension
38
extension
angular movement where thers is an inc in the angle betw anticulating bones
often to restore part of body to anatomical position after flexion
(lower arm down)
often sagittal place
opposite of flexion
39
lateral flexion
angular movement which is like flexion except not along saggital plane, but along frontal plane
(moving head down toward shoulder)
40
hyperextension
continuation of extension beyound anatomical position
(bending head backward, backbend, lifting leg up behind you)
hyperextension of some joints like hinge jionts of elbow + fingeres are usually prevented by ligaments + alignment of bones
41
abduction
radial deviation or angular movement of a bone away from midline
(leg is abducted when pulled away from you laterally like side splits)
usually along frontal plane
opposite of adduction
42
adduction
ulnar deviation or angular movement of bone toward midline
(bringing your leg back from side splits is your leg getting added back to you)
usually along frontal plane
opposite of abduction
43
circumduction
angular movement of the distal end of a body part in a circle
not isolated movement but continuous sequence of flexion, abduction, extension, adduction, + rotation of joint or opposite order
doesn't occur along separate axis or plane
(shoulder circles)
44
rotation
movement where bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis
turnign head from side to side at atlanto-axial joint
turning trunk from side-to-side at intervertebral joitns while keepign hips normal
turnign int and out the heels
(circumduction would be doing big leg cirlces)
45
special movments
occur at certain joints
elevation
depression
protraction
retraction
inversion
eversion
dorsiflexion
plantar flexion
supination
pronation
opposition
46
elevation
special movement - superior movemenet of a body part like closing mouth at temporomandibular joint elevate mandible or shrugging shoulders
opposite of depression
47
depression
special moveemnt where a body part does an inferior movement, moves down
openign mouth by lowering mandible or returnign shrugged shoulders to anatomical position
opposite of elevation
48
protraction
special movement - body part moves anteriorly in transvers plane
protract mandible by thrusting outward or protracting clavicles by crossing arms
opposite = retraction
49
retraction
special movement - movment where protracted part is moved back to normal
retract mandible by bringing bottom teeth back behind top teeth
opposite of protraction
50
inversion
special movement - movement of the sole of the foot medially at the intertarsal joints (betw the tarsals)
(moving sole in/up toward opposite leg to press heels together if both at same time)
opposite = eversion
51
eversion
special movement - movement of sole laterally at intertarsal joints
move soles of feet out toward the world like frog
opposite = inversion
52
dorsiflexion
special movement - bending of foot at ankle or talocrural joint in direction of dorsum (superior surface)
when you stand on your heels/lift your toes up off ground
opposite = plantar flexion
53
plantar flexion
special movement - movement that involves bending foot at ankle joint in direction of plantar or inferior surface
standing on tippytoes
opposite = dorsiflexion
54
supination
special movement - movement of forearm at proximal + distal radioulnar joints in which palm is turned anteriorly
palms up
opposite = pronation
55
pronation
special movement - movement of forearm at proximal + distal joints in which distal end of radius corsses over the distal end of the ulna + palm is turned posteriorly
palms down
opposite = supination
56
opposition
special movement - movement of thumb at carpometacarpal joint where thumb moves across palm to touch tips of fingers of same hand
opposable thumbs allow distinctive digital movement that gives ability to grasp + manipulate objects very precisely
57
types of synovial joints
plane joints (intercarpal joints)
hinge joints (knee + elbow)
pivot joints (head turning side to side)
condyloid joints (radiocarpal wrist)
saddle joints (carpometacarpal joint with thumb)
ball-and-socket joints (hip +shoulder)
58
plane joints
articulated surfaces flat or slightly curved
biaxial diarthroses (freely moveable) back-and-forth + side-to-side
triaxial back-and-forth + side-to-side + rotation
intercarpal, intertarsal, sternocostal + vertebrocostal
59
hinge joints
convex surface fits into concave surface
uniaxial diarthrosis: flexion-extension
knee (modified hinge) elbow, ankle, + interphalangeal joints
60
pivot joints
rounded or pointed surface fits into ring formed partly by bone + partly by ligament
uniaxial diarthrosis = rotation
atlanto-axial radioulnar joints (neck)
61
condyloid joints
oval-shaped projection fits into oval-shaped depression
biaxial diarthrosis: flexion-extension, abduction-adduction
radiocarpal + metacarpophalangeal joints
62
saddle joints
articular surface of one bone = saddle-shaped articular surface of other bone sits in saddle
biaxial diarthrosis: flexion-extension, abduction-adduction
carpometacarpal joint betw trapezium + metacarpal of thumb
63
ball-and-socket joint
ball-like surface fits into cuptlike depression
triaxial diarthrosis: flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, rotation
shoulder + hip joints
64
antlanto-occipital joint
between superior articular facets of atlas + occipital condyles of occipital bone
structural = synovial condyloid
functional diarthrosis
flexion + extension of head; slight lateral flexion of head to either side
65
atlanto-axial joint
between dens of axis + anterior arch of atlas
betw lateral masses of atlas + axis
structural: synovial pivot betw dens + anterior arch; synovial planar bet lateral masses
functional: diarthrosis
rotation of head
66
lumbosacral joint
betw body of 5th lumbar vertebra + base of sacrum
bet inferior articular facets of 5th lumbar vertebra + superior articular facets of 1st vertebra of sacrum
structural: cartilaginous (symphysis) betw body + base; synovial planar betw articular facets
functional: amphiarthrosis betw body + base, diarthrosis betw articular facets
flexion, extension, lateral flexion, + rotation of vertebral column
67
sternoclavicular joint
betw sternal end of clavicle, manubrium of sternum, + first costal cartilage
structural: synovial (plane + pivot)
functional: diarthrosis
gliding, iwth limited movemnts in nearly every direction
68
radioulnar joint
proximal radioulnar joint betw head of radius + radial notch of ulna; distal radioulnar joint betw ulnar notch of radius + head of ulna
structural: synovial (pivot)
functional: diarthrosis
rotation of forearm
69
pubic symphysis joint
betw anterior surfaces of hip bones
structural: cartilaginous (symphysis)
functional amphiarthrosis
slight movements (even more so during pregnancy
70
temporomandibular joint TMJ
combined hinge + plane joint formed by condylar process of mandible + mandibular fossa + articular tubercle of temporal bone
only freely moveable joint betw skull bones (other than ear ossicles)
only the mandible moves bec temporal bone = firmly anchored to other bones of skull via sutures
mandible depression (jaw openign) + elevation (jaw closing = in inferior compartment
protraction, retraction, lateral displacement + lsight rotation = in superior compartment
71
shoulder joint
ball-and-socket joint formed by head of humerus + glenoid cavity of scapula
made up of:
articular capsule
coracohumeral ligament
glenohumeral ligaments
transverse humeral ligament
glenoid labrum
bursae
72
articular capsule of should joint
thin loose sac that completely envelops joint + extends from glenoid cavity to anatomical neck of humerus
inferior part of capsule = weakest area
73
coracohumeral ligament
in shoulder joint
Strengthens
strong, broad ligament that strengthens superior part of the articular capsule + extends from coracoid process of scapula to greater tubercle of humerus
ligament strenthens superior part of the articular capsule + reinforces anterior aspect of articular capsule
74
glenohumeral ligaments
minimal strength but stabilized to avoid hyperflexion
in shoulder joint
3 thickenings of articular capsule over anterior surface of joint that extend from glenoid cavity to lesser tubercle + anatomical neck of humerus.
often indistinct or absent + provide only minimal strength
play role in joint stabilization when humerus approaches or exceeds limits of motion
75
transverse humeral ligament
in shoulder joint
narrow sheet extending from greater tubercle to lesser tubercle of humerus
functions as retinaculum (retaining band of ct) to hold long head of biceps brachii muscle
76
glenoid labrum
in shoulder joint
narrow rim of firbocartilage arnd edge of glenoid cavity that slightlly deepends + enlarges the glenoid cavity
77
bursae
in shoulder joitn
4 bursae
78
shoulder joint movements
flexion,
extension,
hyperextension,
abduction,
adduction,
medial rotation,
lateral rotation
circumduction of arm
most freedom to move out of all body joints
79
most of the strength of the shoulder joitn comes from
muscles that surround the joint
especially the rotator cuff muscles which anchor the humerus head to the scapula glenoid cavity
80
elbow joint
hinge joint formed by trochlea + capitulum of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna and head of radius
anatomical components:
articular capsule
ulnar collateral ligament
radial collateral ligament
anular ligament of radius
81
articular capsule of elbow joint
anterior part covers anterior part of elbow joint from radial + coronoid fossae of humerus to coronoid process of ulna and anular ligament of radius
posterior part covers capitulum, olecranon fossa + lateral epicondyle of humerus to anular ligament of radius + olecranon of ulna + ulna posterior to radial notch
82
ulnar collateral ligament
in elbow joint
thick triangular ligament that extends from medial epicondyle of humerus to coronoid process + olecranon of ulna
part of ligament deepends socket for trochlea of humerus
83
radial collateral ligament
in elbow joint
strong, triangular ligament that extends from lateral epicondyle of humerus to anular ligament of radius + radial notch of ulna
84
anular ligament of the radius
in elbow joint
strong band that encircles head of radius
holds head of radius in radial notch of ulna
85
elbow joint movements
flexion + extension of forearm
86
hip joint
ball-and-socket joint formed by head of femur + acetabulum of hip bone
composed of:
articular capsule
ligament of head of the femur
87
articular capsule of hip joint
very dense + strong
from rim of acetabulum to neck of femur
with accessory ligaments = one of strongest structures of body
circular + longitudinal fibers
88
ligament of the head of the femur
flat triangular band (mostly a synovial fold) that extends from fossa of the acetabulum to fovea capitis of femur head
ligament usually contains small artery taht supplies head of femur
89
movements of the hip joint
flexion-extension
abduction-adduction
lateral rotation
medial rotation
circumduction of thigh
90
knee joint
largest + most complex joint of body
modified hinge joint
- consists of 3 joints within single synovial cavity
components:
articular capsule
medial + lateral patellar retinacula
patellar ligament
tibial collateral ligament
fibular collateral ligamentintracapsular ligaments - acl + pcl
articular discs (menisci)
91
articular capsule of the knee joint
no complete independent capsule uintes bones of knee
ligamentous sheath surrounding joint consists mainly of muscle tendons or expasions
there's some capsular fibers connecting articulating bones
92
medial + lateral patellar retinacula
in knee joint
fused tendons of insertion of quadriceps femoris muscle + fascia lata of thigh strengthens anterior surface of joint
93
patellar ligament
in knee joint
continuation of common tendon of insertion of qudriceps femoris muscle that extends from patella to tibial tuberosity
strengthens anterior surface of joint
posertior surface of ligament is separated from synovial membrane by infrapatellar fat pad
94
tibial collateral ligament
in knee joint
broad, flat ligament on medial surface of joint
tendons of sartorius, gracilis + semitendinosus muscles which strengthen medial aspect of joint cross ligament
firmaly attached to medial meniscus
95
fibular collateral ligament
strong, rounded ligament on lateral surface of joint
strengthens lateral aspect of joint
covered by tendon of biceps femoris muscle
above popliteal muscle
96
intracapsular ligaments
ligaments connecting tibia + femur
includes anterior cruciate ligament ACL and posterior cruciate ligament PCL
ACL.- limits hyperextension of knee and prevents anterior sliding of tibia on femur
stretched + torn in 70% of serious knee injuries
PCL - prevents posterior sliding of tibia when knee is flexed - important for walking down strairs or steep incline
97
ACL
anterior cruciate ligament
prevents anteior sliding of tibia
limits hyperextension
98
PCL
posterior cruciate ligament
prevents posterior sliding of tibia
99
articular discs (menisci)
2 fibrocartilage discs betw tibial _ femoral condyles that help compensate for irregular shapes of bones + circulate synovial fluid
medial meniscus
lateral meniscus
100
medial meniscus
semicircular fibrocartilage C-shaped
101
lateral mensiscus
almost circular fibrocartilage incomplete O-shape
connceted to the medial menisci via transverse ligament of knee
102
more important bursae of knee
prepatellar bursa
infrapatellar bursa
suprapatellar bursa
103
movements of the knee joint
flexion-extension
slight medial rotation
lateral rotation of leg in flexed position
