Biological

Question 1

Maguire - aim

Answer 1

Find out whether the hippocampus might also show plasticity among humans

Question 2

Maguire - sample

Answer 2

16 right handed male London taxi drivers aged between 32-62 years
Chosen because all London taxi drivers have to learn the knowledge - every road within a 6 mile radius of Charing Cross -particularly stony demand on spatial memory

Question 3

Maguire - procedure

Answer 3

All taxi drivers had a MRI scan of their of brain
Compared against a control group
Analysed in 2 ways :
- Pixel counting - 2D measurement of the area
- Vixal- based morphometry - 3D measurement of the volume
Volume of grey matter measured

Question 4

Maguire - findings

Answer 4

Significant difference was found between the two groups of grey matter found in the hippocampus
Compared against the control - taxi driver had significantly more grey matter in the posterior and significantly less grey matter in the anterior

Question 5

Maguire - procedure - correlation

Answer 5

MRI scans of taxi driver subjected for more analysis
Correlation between length of Tim - in years - as a taxi driver and volume of grey matter in the hippocampus

Question 6

Maguire - findings - correlation

Answer 6

Positive correlation- posterior
Negative correlation- anterior

Question 7

Casey - background

Answer 7

Mischel - marshmallow test
Low delayers - give into temptation - ate marshmallow
High delayers - resist temptation - waited for 2 marshmallows

Question 8

Casey - aim

Answer 8

Whether people who had difficulties delaying gratification at the age of 4 would still have difficulties delaying gratification 40 years later

Question 9

Casey - sample

Answer 9

Was taken from people who had participated in the original marshmallow test
27 low delayer and 32 high delayers - 59

Question 10

Casey - study 1 - procedure

Answer 10

Cool ( neutral / not appealing) - female / male
Hot ( alluring) - frustrated - no smiling - go
GO/NO GO task
Go - press button
No/ go - don’t press the button
Key trial - hot stimuli is NOGO

Question 11

Casey - study 1 - conclusion

Answer 11

High delayers were found to be much better at resisting pressing the go button when they saw the happy faces than the low delayers

Question 12

Casey -study 2-aim

Answer 12

Brain based explanation for the ability to delay gratification

Question 13

Casey -study 2 -sample

Answer 13

27 of 59 agreed to take part -11low delayers and 15 high delayers

Question 14

Casey -study 2 -procedure

Answer 14

Repeat Go/No task -whilst inside a fMRI

Question 15

Casey - study 2 - findings

Answer 15

Inferior frontal gyrus - cool system- resisting temptation
HD more
LD less
Ventrial striatum - hot system - temptation
HD less
LD more

Question 16

Sperry - background

Answer 16

Previous studies have shown that each hemisphere of the brain controls the opposite side of the body - contra lateral control

Question 17

Sperry - aim

Answer 17

To study the effects of hemisphereic de- connection and the functions of the separate hemispheres

Question 18

Sperry - research methods

Answer 18

Self report - quasi

Question 19

Sperry - sample

Answer 19

11 patients who had severe epilepsy and who had previously undergone a commisurotomy - compared Agilent those who did not the surgery

Question 20

Sperry - procedure, findings and conclusions

Answer 20

Objects were presented into the right visual field - info went to left hemisphere- participants can describe it in speech and written format

Question 21

Sperry - procedure, findings and conclusions

Answer 21

Objects were presented in the left visual field - info to right hemisphere- participants insist that they’ve not seen anything - RH does not have language ability - if you asked to point to a matching object on the table with their left hand they could and could draw it

Question 22

Sperry - procedure, findings and conclusions

Answer 22

Different visual stimuli were presented simultaneously to different visual fields and ps were asked to draw what that had seen - Apple - RH - key - LH - they said they had seen a key but only able to draw an apple

Question 23

Sperry - procedure, findings and conclusions

Answer 23

Simple mathematical problems were presented to the left visual field - right hemisphere - can process mathematical info - were able to sort objects by shape, size , texture - using left hand could also solve simple arithmetic or addition

Question 24

Sperry - procedure, findings and conclusions

Answer 24

A nude pin up was presented to the left visual field - right hemisphere- participants would giggle , look embarrassed when nude picture appears - they could not say what they were giggling and embarrassed about

Question 25

Blackmore and cooper -aim

Answer 25

To limit the visual experience of kittens to either vertical or horizontal stripes and to compare the behavioural consequences of this restricted visual environment on the kittens

Question 26

Blakemoore and Cooper - research methods

Answer 26

Lab experiment
Observation
Independent measure

Question 27

Blakemoore and Cooper -
sample

Answer 27

2 kittens from birth to approximately 1 year old

Question 28

Blakemoore and Cooper -procedure

Answer 28

For the first 2 weeks of the cats lives they were in complete darkness
2 week s to 5 months - black and white cylinder for 5 days - either horizontal or vertical

Question 29

Blakemoore and Cooper - controls

Answer 29

Wore a collar - could not see their own body
Each cat was only exposed to one visual orientation
Checked the eyes of the cats to see if were damaged

Question 30

Blakemoore and Cooper - results - initial reactions

Answer 30

No startle responses
No visual placing

Question 31

Blakemore and cooper - results - after 10 hours

Answer 31

Deficits began to disappear

Question 32

Blakemore and cooper - conclusions

Answer 32

The difference between the kittens suggests that neurones can change their preferred orientation according to stimulation they receive , matching the ability of the brain to respond to the features in the visual in put - nurture side