Developmental

Question 1

Chaney - key terms

Answer 1

Compliance
Operant conditioning
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement

Question 2

Chaney - aims

Answer 2

To see if the use of the funhaler increases compliance rates in children

Question 3

Chaney - sample

Answer 3

32 children
22 boys
10 girls
Mean and median age was 3.2 years but 75% of children were older

Question 4

Chaney - sample obtained

Answer 4

They were recruited in a random basis from 7 paediatricians or GP clinics in Australia

Question 5

Chaney - procedure

Answer 5

IV - previous inhaler v funhaler
DVs - the questionnaires were designed to measure - the children’s behaviour - attitudes of the parents and also their adherence towards medication

Question 6

Chaney - reinforcement

Answer 6

Positive - the toy ball spins more and the whistle is louder when the child breathes correctly
Negative - correct use leads to fewer symptoms / breathlessness attacks

Question 7

Chaney - results

Answer 7

Parents who always successfully medicated their child -old inhaler - 10 - funhaler - 73
Screams - old inhaler - 48 - funhaler - 3
Dislike -old inhaler- 16 - funhaler - 0

Question 8

Bandura - aim

Answer 8

To see whether children would imitate aggressive behaviour when given the opportunities

Question 9

Bandura - sample

Answer 9

36 boys and 36 girls
Enrolled in Standard university nursery
Ranged in age from 37 to 69 months
Mean age of 52 months

Question 10

Bandura - model conditions

Answer 10

Aggressive - male
Aggressive - female
Non- aggressive - male
Non- greasier - female
Control

Question 11

Bandura - procedure

Answer 11

Room 1 - 10 mins - room with model displaying either agresssive or non aggressive behaviour
Room 2 - 2 mins - attractive toys but after they began playing with them they were taken away - cost arousal
Room 3 - 20 mins - aggressive and non aggressive toys - observed to see if they would display same behaviours as model previously - time sampling

Question 12

Bandura - conclusion

Answer 12

This study supported the claim that simply observing behaviour would produce in imitative behaviour which would not be expected if that behaviour has not been observed- supports social learning theory

Question 13

Lee - aims

Answer 13

To see if Chinese and Canadian children would differ in how they rated truth- telling in pro social settings and truths and lie telling in anti social settings

Question 14

Lee - stories

Answer 14

Pro - social truth telling
Pro - social lie telling
Anti - social truth telling
Anti - social lie telling

Question 15

Lee - IVs

Answer 15

Nationality- Chinese or Canadian
Age - 7,9,11
Pro - social or anti - social
Physical or social

Question 16

Lee - sample

Answer 16

China - 120 total - 40 of 7,9,11 - half male hale female
Canada - 108 total - 36 aged 7 , 40 aged 9 , 32 aged 11

Question 17

Lee - procedure

Answer 17

Children allocated at random for social or physical story
Seen individually
Rating chart explained
When answering they could use words , symbols or both
Each child listened to all 4 stories

Question 18

Lee - results

Answer 18

No significant difference between 2 cultures - Canadian similar rating in age - Chinese rated less positively as age increased
Children in each culture and each age rated lie telling differently - Canadian - lie telling negatively - less negatively as age increases - Chinese negatively at 7 , positively at 11

Question 19

Kohlberg - aims

Answer 19

Was to provide evidence for him to add to his stages of moral development from childhood into adulthood . As we age we work up the stages of moral development and we cannot skip a stage

Question 20

Kohlberg - sample

Answer 20

Longitudinal - for 12 years , he studied the same group of 75 American boys following their development at 3 years intervals from early adolescence through young manhood . At start 10 to 16 through to 22 to 28

Question 21

Kohlberg - procedure

Answer 21

Hypothetical dilemmas including the Heinz dilemma
Answers were recorded and analysed

Question 22

Kohlberg - findings

Answer 22

Pre - conventional - ages 4 to 10 - rules are seen as being fixed , obeying the rules is important
Conventional - adolescence- most individuals have developed to this stage - good girls nice boys
Post conventional - people understand that there are differing opinions out there in what’s right and wrong

Question 23

Kohlberg - conclusion

Answer 23

The stages follow an invariant development sequence
The nature of the sequence is not significantly affected by widely varying social , cultural or religious conditions