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AP Psych > Biological Bases of Behavior > Flashcards

Biological Bases of Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

What are neurons

A

Individual nerve cells

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2
Q

Individual nerve cells are called…

A

Neurons

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3
Q

What are dendrites

A

Rootlike parts of neurons that stretch out from the cell body

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4
Q

Rootlike parts of neurons that stretch out from the cell body are called…

A

Dendrites

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5
Q

What is the soma

A

The neuron cell body which contains the nucleus and other parts needed to sustain cell life

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6
Q

The neuron cell body which contains the nucleus and other parts needed to sustain cell life is called..

A

Soma

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7
Q

What is the axon

A

The wirelike structure that extends from the neuron

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8
Q

The wirelike structure that extends from the neuron is called…

A

Axon

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9
Q

What is the myelin sheath

A

The fatty covering around the axon of some neurons that speeds neural impulses

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10
Q

The fatty covering around the axon of some neurons that speeds neural impulses is called…

A

The myelin sheath

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11
Q

What are the terminal buttons

A

The branched out end of the axon that contain neurotransmitters

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12
Q

The branched out end of the axon that contain neurotransmitters is called…

A

The terminal buttons

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13
Q

What are neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals contained in terminal buttons that enable neurons to communicate

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14
Q

Chemicals contained in terminal buttons that enable neurons to communicate are called…

A

Neurotransmitters

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15
Q

What is the synapse

A

The space between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrites of the next

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16
Q

The space between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrites of the next is called…

A

The synapse

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17
Q

What kind of charge does a neuron have in its resting state

A

Slightly negative

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18
Q

What is the all-or-none principle

A

A neuron either fires completely or doesn’t depending on if there are enough neurotransmitters received

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19
Q

“A neuron either fires completely or doesn’t depending on if there are enough neurotransmitters received.”
This is known as the…

A

All-or-none principle

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20
Q

What do excitatory neurotransmitters do

A

Excite the next cell into firing

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21
Q

Neurotransmitters that excite the next cell into firing are called…

A

Excitatory neurotransmitters

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22
Q

What do inhibitory neurotransmitters do

A

Inhibit the next cell from firing

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23
Q

Neurotransmitters that inhibit the next cell from firing are called…

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

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24
Q

What do acetylcholine neurotransmitters affect

A

Motor function

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25
Q

Motor function is affected by which neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine and dopamine

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26
Q

Lack of acetylcholine is associated with…

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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27
Q

Alzheimer’s disease is associated with…

A

Lack of acetylcholine

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28
Q

What do dopamine neurotransmitters affect

A

Motor movement and alertness

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29
Q

Motor movement and alertness is affected by which neurotransmitter

A

Dopamine

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30
Q

Lack of dopamine is associated with…

A

Parkinson’s disease

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31
Q

Parkinson’s disease is associated with…

A

Lack of dopamine

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32
Q

Overabundance of dopamine is associated with…

A

Schizophrenia

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33
Q

Schizophrenia is associated with…

A

Overabundance of dopamine

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34
Q

What do endorphins affect

A

Pain control

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35
Q

Pain control is affected by which neurotransmitter

A

Endorphins

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36
Q

What do serotonin neurotransmitters affect

A

Mood control

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37
Q

Mood control is affected by which neurotransmitter

A

Serotonin

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38
Q

Lack of serotonin is associated with…

A

Clinical depression

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39
Q

Clinical depression is associated with…

A

Lack of serotonin

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40
Q

What type of neurotransmitters are GABA neurotransmitters

A

Inhibitory

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41
Q

What type of neurotransmitters are Glutamate neurotransmitters

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in memory

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42
Q

What do norepinephrine neurotransmitters affect

A

Alertness and arousal

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43
Q

What do afferent neurons do

A

Take information from senses to the brain

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44
Q

What type of neurons take information from the senses to the brain

A

Afferent neurons

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45
Q

What do efferent/motor neurons do

A

Take information from brain to the rest of the body

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46
Q

What type of neurons take information from the brain to the rest of the body

A

Efferent/motor neurons

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47
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of

A

The brain and spinal cord

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48
Q

Which nervous system are the brain and spinal cord part of

A

Central nervous system

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49
Q

What does the spinal cord do

A

Transmits information from the rest of the body to the brain

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50
Q

What does the peripheral nervous consist of

A

All nerves in the body not encased in bone

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51
Q

Which nervous system are all nerves in the body not encased in bone part of

A

Peripheral nervous system

52
Q

What does the somatic nervous system control

A

Voluntary muscle movements

53
Q

Which nervous system controls voluntary muscle movements

A

Somatic nervous system

54
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control

A

Automatic functions of our body

55
Q

Which nervous system controls the automatic functions of our body

A

Autonomic nervous system

56
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system control

A

Our response to stress

57
Q

Which nervous system controls our response to stress

A

Sympathetic nervous system

58
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system control

A

Our body’s slowing down after a stress response

59
Q

Which nervous system controls our body’s slowing down after a stress response

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

60
Q

What is lesioning

A

The removal or destruction of part of the brain

61
Q

The removal or destruction of part of the brain is known as…

A

Lesioning

62
Q

What is an electroencephalogram (EEG) used for

A

Detecting different types of brain waves

63
Q

What kind of brain scan can detect different types of brain waves

A

An electroencephalogram (EEG)

64
Q

What is a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan used for

A

Uses X-rays to capture a 3-D picture of the brain’s structure

65
Q

What kind of brain scan uses X-rays to capture a 3-D picture of the brain’s structure

A

A computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan

66
Q

What is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) used for

A

Uses magnetic fields to measure density and location of brain material

67
Q

What kind of scan uses magnetic fields to measure density and location of brain material

A

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

68
Q

What is a positron emission tomography (PET) scan used for

A

Letting researchers see which areas of the brain are most active during a certain task

69
Q

What kind of scan lets researchers see which areas of the brain are most active during a certain task

A

A positron emission tomography (PET) scan

70
Q

What is a functional MRI (fMRI) used for

A

Combines elements of the MRI and PET scans that can show details of brain structure with information about blood flow

71
Q

What kind of scan combines elements of the MRI and PET scans that can show details of brain structure with information about blood flow

A

A functional MRI (fMRI)

72
Q

What does the hindbrain control

A

Basic biological functions that keep us alive

73
Q

Which part of the brain controls basic biological functions that keep us alive

A

The hindbrain

74
Q

What is the medulla involved in

A

The control of blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing

75
Q

What part of the hindbrain controls blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing

A

Medulla

76
Q

What are the pons involved in

A

Control facial expressions and connects hindbrain to the midbrain and forebrain

77
Q

What part of the hindbrain controls facial expressions and connects hindbrain to the midbrain and forebrain

A

Pons

78
Q

What is the cerebellum involved in

A

Coordinating some habitual muscle movements

79
Q

What part of the hindbrain coordinates some habitual muscle movements

A

Cerebellum

80
Q

What does the midbrain control

A

Coordinates simple movements with sensory information

81
Q

Which part of the brain coordinates simple movements with sensory information

A

The midbrain

82
Q

What does the forebrain control

A

Thought and reason

83
Q

Which part of the brain controls thought and reason

A

Forebrain

84
Q

What is the thalamus involved in

A

Receiving sensory signals from the spinal cord and sending them to appropriate areas of the forebrain

85
Q

What part of the forebrain receives sensory signals from the spinal cord and sends them to appropriate areas of the forebrain

A

Thalamus

86
Q

What is the hypothalamus involved in

A

Controlling several metabolic functions

87
Q

What part of the forebrain controls several metabolic functions

A

Hypothalamus

88
Q

What is the amygdala involved in

A

Experiences of emotion

89
Q

What part of the forebrain controls our experiences of emotion

A

Amygdala

90
Q

What is the hippocampus involved in

A

Memory processing and distribution to the cerebral cortex for permanent storage

91
Q

What part of the forebrain controls memory processing and distribution to the cerebral cortex for permanent storage

A

Hippocampus

92
Q

What is the cerebral cortex

A

The gray wrinkled surface of densely packed neurons covering the brain

93
Q

What is the gray wrinkled surface of densely packed neurons covering the brain called

A

Cerebral Cortex

94
Q

What does the left hemisphere control

A

The motor function of the right half of the body (contralateral control) and spoken language

95
Q

Which hemisphere is the motor function of the right half of the body and spoken language controlled by

A

Left (contralateral control)

96
Q

What does the right hemisphere control

A

The motor function of the left half of the body (contralateral control)

97
Q

Which hemisphere is the motor function of the left half of the body controlled by

A

Right (contralateral control)

98
Q

What does the prefrontal cortex in the frontal lobe do

A

Directs thought processes, predicts consequences, maintains emotional control, and engages in abstract thought

99
Q

Which part of the brain directs thought processes, predicts consequences, maintains emotional control, and engages in abstract thought

A

Prefrontal cortex

100
Q

What does Broca’s area in the frontal lobe do

A

Controls muscles involved in producing speech

101
Q

Which part of the frontal lobe controls muscles involved in producing speech

A

Broca’s area

102
Q

What does the motor cortex do

A

Sends signals to our muscles that control our voluntary movements

103
Q

Which part of the brain sends signals to our muscles that control our voluntary movements

A

Motor cortex

104
Q

What does the sensory cortex in the parietal lobes do

A

Receives incoming touch sensations from the rest of our body

105
Q

Which part of the brain receives incoming touch sensations from the rest of our body

A

Sensory cortex

106
Q

What do the occipital lobes do

A

Interprets messages from our eyes in the visual cortex

107
Q

Which part of the brain interprets messages from our eyes in the visual cortex

A

Occipital lobes

108
Q

What do the temporal lobes do

A

Process sound sensed by our ears and interprets language

109
Q

Which part of the brain processes sound sensed by our ears and interprets language

A

Temporal lobes

110
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

A system of glands that secrete hormones which affect different biological processes

111
Q

What is the system of glands that secrete hormones which affect different biological processes called

A

Endocrine system

112
Q

What do the adrenal glands do

A

Produce adrenaline which signals the rest of the body to prepare for fight or flight

113
Q

What part produces adrenaline which signals the rest of the body to prepare for fight or flight

A

Adrenal glands

114
Q

Babies born with a single X chromosome have…

A

Turner’s syndrome

115
Q

Babies with Turner’s syndrome are born with…

A

A single X chromosome

116
Q

Symptoms of Turner’s syndrome include…

A

Shortness, webbed necks, and differences in physical and sexual development

117
Q

Shortness, webbed necks, and differences in physical and sexual development are signs of…

A

Turner’s syndrome

118
Q

Babies born with an extra X chromosome have…

A

Klinefelter’s syndrome

119
Q

Babies with Klinefelter’s syndrome are born with…

A

An extra X chromosome

120
Q

Symptoms of Klinefelter’s syndrome include…

A

Minimal sexual development and personality traits like extreme introversion

121
Q

Minimal sexual development and personality traits like extreme introversion are signs of…

A

Klinefelter’s syndrome

122
Q

Babies born with an extra chromosome on the 21st pair have…

A

Down syndrome

123
Q

Babies with Down syndrome are born with…

A

An extra chromosome on the 21st pair

124
Q

Symptoms of Down syndrome include…

A

Rounded face, shorter fingers and toes, slanted eyes set far apart, and some degree of intellectual disability

125
Q

Rounded face, shorter fingers and toes, slanted eyes set far apart, and some degree of intellectual disability are signs of…

A

Down syndrome

AP Psych (14 decks)

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