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Developmental Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a cross-sectional study

A

Uses participants of different ages to compare how certain variables might change over the life span

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2
Q

A study that uses participants of different ages to compare how certain variables might change over the life span is called a…

A

Cross-sectional study

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3
Q

What is a longitudinal study

A

Examines one group of participants over time

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4
Q

A study which examines one group of participants over time is called a…

A

Longitudinal study

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5
Q

What are teratogens

A

Harmful chemicals that can cause harm to the fetus if ingested or contracted

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6
Q

Harmful chemicals that can cause harm to the fetus if ingested or contracted are known as…

A

Teratogens

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7
Q

What is the most common teratogen

A

Alcohol

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8
Q

What are symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome

A

Small, malformed skulls and intellectual disability

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9
Q

Small, malformed skulls and intellectual disability are symptoms of…

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

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10
Q

What are symptoms of fetal alcohol effect

A

Specific developmental problems later in life such as learning disabilities or behavioral problems

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11
Q

Specific developmental problems later in life such as learning disabilities or behavioral problems are symptoms of…

A

Fetal alcohol effect

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12
Q

What are the effects of the parent taking psychoactive drugs during pregnancy

A

The baby can share the parent’s addiction and thus suffer withdrawal symptoms

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13
Q

What are reflexes

A

Automatic responses to certain stimuli

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14
Q

Automatic responses to certain stimuli is known as…

A

Reflexes

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15
Q

What is the rooting reflex

A

When touched on the cheek, a baby will turn their head to the side of the touch and seek to put the object in their mouth

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16
Q

“When touched on the cheek, a baby will turn their head to the side of the touch and seek to put the object in their mouth”
What reflex is this

A

Rooting reflex

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17
Q

What is the sucking reflex

A

When an object is placed into the baby’s mouth, they will suck on it

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18
Q

“When an object is placed into the baby’s mouth, they will suck on it”
What reflex is this

A

Sucking reflex

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19
Q

What is the grasping reflex

A

If an object is placed into a baby’s palm or foot pad, they will try to grasp onto the object

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20
Q

“If an object is placed into a baby’s palm or foot pad, they will try to grasp onto the object”
What reflex is this

A

Grasping reflex

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21
Q

What is the Moro reflex

A

When startled, a baby will fling their limbs out and quickly retract them, making themselves as small as possible

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22
Q

“When startled, a baby will fling their limbs out and quickly retract them, making themselves as small as possible”
What reflex is this

A

Moro reflex

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23
Q

What is the Babinski reflex

A

When a baby’s foot is stroked, they will spread their toes

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24
Q

“When a baby’s foot is stroked, they will spread their toes”
What reflex is this

A

Babinski reflex

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25
Q

What sense do babies have before birth

A

Hearing

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26
Q

What taste do babies love

A

Sugar

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27
Q

What is the dominant sense when we are first born

A

Hearing

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28
Q

At what age do babies reach normal vision

A

12 months

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29
Q

What do babies like to look at

A

Faces and facelike objects (symmetrical objects and shapes organized in an imitation of a face)

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30
Q

What does it mean when a neuron is myelinated

A

When the neuron in the brain connect with one another

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31
Q

When the neuron in the brain connect with one another, it is known as…

A

Myelination

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32
Q

What is attachment

A

The reciprocal relationship between caregiver and child

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33
Q

The reciprocal relationship between caregiver and child is called…

A

Attachment

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34
Q

How do authoritarian parents act

A

Set strict standards and apply punishments without explanation

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35
Q

What kind of parents set strict standards and apply punishments without explanation

A

Authoritarian parents

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36
Q

How do permissive parents act

A

Set unclear and often inconsistent guidelines for their children

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37
Q

What kind of parents set unclear and often inconsistent guidelines for their children

A

Permissive parents

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38
Q

How do authoritative parents act

A

Set consistent standards that are reasonable and explained

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39
Q

What kind of parents set consistent standards that are reasonable and explained

A

Authoritative parents

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40
Q

Which parenting style produces the most desirable and beneficial home environment

A

Authoritative parents

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41
Q

Is our development continuous or discontinuous

A

Somewhat discontinuous

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42
Q

What was Sigmund Freud’s stage theory

A

We develop through five psychosexual stages

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43
Q

Who came up with the theory of developing through five psychosexual stages

A

Sigmund Freud

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44
Q

What does it mean to be fixated within a psychosexual stage

A

Remain preoccupied with the behaviors associated in that stage

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45
Q

Remaining preoccupied with the behaviors associated in a psychosexual stage is known as…

A

Fixation

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46
Q

What is the first stage in Freud’s psychosexual stage theory

A

Oral stage

47
Q

What is the second stage in Freud’s psychosexual stage theory

A

Anal stage

48
Q

What is the third stage in Freud’s psychosexual stage theory

A

Phallic stage

49
Q

What is the fourth stage in Freud’s psychosexual stage theory

A

Latency stage

50
Q

What is the fifth/final stage in Freud’s psychosexual stage theory

A

Genital stage

51
Q

What is the oral stage

A

Infants seek pleasure through their mouths

52
Q

“Infants seek pleasure through their mouths”
What stage is this

A

Oral stage

53
Q

What does oral fixation cause

A

Overeating, smoking, and/or a childlike dependence on things and people

54
Q

Overeating, smoking, and/or a childlike dependence on things and people are symptoms of…

A

Oral fixation

55
Q

What is the anal stage

A

Babies seek pleasure through toilet training

56
Q

“Babies seek pleasure through toilet training”
What stage is this

A

Anal stage

57
Q

What does anal fixation cause

A

Acting overly controlling or out of control

58
Q

Acting overly controlling or out of control are symptoms of…

A

Anal fixation

59
Q

What is the Phallic stage

A

Babies realize their gender and causes conflict within the family

60
Q

“Babies realize their gender and causes conflict within the family”
What stage is this

A

Phallic stage

61
Q

What does phallic fixation cause

A

Later problems in relationships

62
Q

Later problems in relationships are caused by…

A

Phallic fixation

63
Q

What is the latency stage

A

A period of rest between the ages of 6 and puberty

64
Q

“A period of rest between the ages of 6 and puberty”
What stage is this

A

Latency stage

65
Q

What is the genital stage

A

Sexual pleasure is found through the genitals

66
Q

“Sexual pleasure is found through the genitals”
What stage is this

A

Genital stage

67
Q

What was Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stage theory

A

8 stages centering on a specific social conflict

68
Q

Who came up with the theory of 8 stages centering on a specific social conflict

A

Erik Erikson

69
Q

What is the first stage in Erikson’s psychosocial stage theory

A

Trust vs mistrust

70
Q

What is the second stage in Erikson’s psychosocial stage theory

A

Autonomy vs shame and doubt

71
Q

What is the third stage in Erikson’s psychosocial stage theory

A

Initiative vs guilt

72
Q

What is the fourth stage in Erikson’s psychosocial stage theory

A

Industry vs inferiority

73
Q

What is the fifth stage in Erikson’s psychosocial stage theory

A

Identity vs role confusion

74
Q

What is the sixth stage in Erikson’s psychosocial stage theory

A

Intimacy vs isolation

75
Q

What is the seventh stage in Erikson’s psychosocial stage theory

A

Generativity vs stagnation

76
Q

What is the eigth/final stage in Erikson’s psychosocial stage theory

A

Integrity vs despair

77
Q

What is the trust vs mistrust stage

A

Babies experience of the world centers on the need of fulfillment and carry their sense of trust or mistrust throughout the rest of their lives

78
Q

“Babies experience of the world centers on the need of fulfillment and carry their sense of trust or mistrust throughout the rest of their lives”
What stage is this

A

Trust vs mistrust

79
Q

What is the autonomy vs shame and doubt stage

A

Toddlers begin to exert control over their own body. If they learn to control themselves and their environment in reasonable ways, they will develop a healthy will.

80
Q

“Toddlers begin to exert control over their own body. If they learn to control themselves and their environment in reasonable ways, they will develop a healthy will.”
What stage is this

A

Autonomy vs shame and doubt

81
Q

What is the initiative vs guilt stage

A

Children feel a sense of natural curiosity and may feel comfortable or guilty about expressing that depending on whether the behavior is encouraged

82
Q

“Children feel a sense of natural curiosity and may feel comfortable or guilty about expressing that depending on whether the behavior is encouraged”
What stage is this

A

Initiative vs guilt

83
Q

What is the industry vs inferiority stage

A

The beginning of formal education where children are asked to provide work that is evaluated and expected to perform as well as their peers

84
Q

“The beginning of formal education where children are asked to provide work that is evaluated and expected to perform as well as their peers”
What stage is this

A

Industry vs inferiority

85
Q

What is the identity vs role confusion stage

A

People try to discover what social identity they are most comfortable with. Individuals who are unable to figure out a stable sense of self may risk having an identity crisis later on.

86
Q

“People try to discover what social identity they are most comfortable with. Individuals who are unable to figure out a stable sense of self may risk having an identity crisis later on.”
What stage is this

A

Identity vs role confusion

87
Q

What is the intimacy vs isolation stage

A

Young adults must figure out how to balance their work and social life. Patterns established in this stage will influence effort spent on self and others in the future.

88
Q

“Young adults must figure out how to balance their work and social life. Patterns established in this stage will influence effort spent on self and others in the future.”
What stage is this

A

Intimacy vs isolation

89
Q

What is the generativity vs stagnation stage

A

Adults look critically at their life path and try to seize control of their lives to ensure things go as planned

90
Q

“Adults look critically at their life path and try to seize control of their lives to ensure things go as planned”
What stage is this

A

Generativity vs stagnation

91
Q

What is the integrity vs despair stage

A

Looking back at accomplishments towards the end of life and deciding if one is satisfied with them or not

92
Q

“Looking back at accomplishments towards the end of life and deciding if one is satisfied with them or not”
What stage is this

A

Integrity vs despair

93
Q

What was Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

A

Children view the world through schemata and accommodate their schemata to fit new information

94
Q

Who came up with the theory of children viewing the world through schemata and accommodating their schemata to fit new information

A

Jean Piaget

95
Q

What was Piaget’s sensorimotor stage and how long does it last

A

From birth to around 2 years old, babies start experiencing and exploring the world strictly through their senses. First cognitive schemata is formed and object permanence is developed during this stage.

96
Q

“From birth to around 2 years old, babies start experiencing and exploring the world strictly through their senses. First cognitive schemata is formed and object permanence is developed during this stage.”
What stage is this

A

Sensorimotor stage

97
Q

What was Piaget’s preoperational stage and how long does it last

A

From around 2 to 6 years old, children start using language to represent real world objects. Children’s thinking are egocentric in this stage.

98
Q

“From around 2 to 6 years old, children start using language to represent real world objects. Children’s thinking are egocentric in this stage.”
What stage is this

A

Preoperational stage

99
Q

What was Piaget’s concrete operations stage and how long does it last

A

From around 8 to 12 years old, children learn to think more logically about complex relationships between different characteristics of objects. Concepts of conservation is learned.

100
Q

“From around 8 to 12 years old, children learn to think more logically about complex relationships between different characteristics of objects. Concepts of conservation is learned.”
What stage is this

A

Concrete operations stage

101
Q

What was Piaget’s formal operations stage and how long does it last

A

From 12 through adulthood, people are able to use abstract reasoning to contrast ideas and manipulate objects without physically seeing them. Metacognition is also gained.

102
Q

“From 12 through adulthood, people are able to use abstract reasoning to contrast ideas and manipulate objects without physically seeing them. Metacognition is also gained.”
What stage is this

A

Formal operations stage

103
Q

What was Lawrence Kohlberg’s moral stage theory

A

Using the Heinz dilemma which describes a man named Heinz making a moral choice about whether to steal a drug he cannot afford in order to save his wife’s life

104
Q

Who used the Heinz dilemma which describes a man named Heinz making a moral choice about whether to steal a drug he cannot afford in order to save his wife’s life

A

Lawrence Kohlberg

105
Q

What was Kohlberg’s preconventional level

A

The youngest children make decisions most likely to avoid punishment. Moral reasoning is limited to how the choice affects themselves.

106
Q

“The youngest children make decisions most likely to avoid punishment. Moral reasoning is limited to how the choice affects themselves.”
What level is this

A

Preconventional

107
Q

What was Kohlberg’s conventional level

A

Children are able to most past personal gain or loss and look at moral choices through others’ eyes. Moral choices are made based on how others will view them.

108
Q

“Children are able to most past personal gain or loss and look at moral choices through others’ eyes. Moral choices are made based on how others will view them.”
What level is this

A

Conventional

109
Q

What was Kohlberg’s postconventional level

A

A person examines the rights and values involved in the choice using self-defined ethical principles. Morality of societal rules are examined rather than blindly accepted.

110
Q

“A person examines the rights and values involved in the choice using self-defined ethical principles. Morality of societal rules are examined rather than blindly accepted.”
What level is this

A

Postconventional

111
Q

Female brains have larger…

A

Corpus callosums

112
Q

Which sex has larger corpus callosums

A

Females

113
Q

What is gender schema

A

We internalize messages about gender into cognitive rules about how each gender should behave

114
Q

Internalizing messages about gender into cognitive rules about how each gender should behave is called…

A

Gender schema

AP Psych (14 decks)

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