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AP Psych > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

1
Q

What did Ivan Pavlov do

A

Discovered a kind of learning while studying dogs and deduced the principle of classical conditioning

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2
Q

Who discovered a kind of learning while studying dogs and deduced the principle of classical conditioning

A

Ivan Pavlov

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3
Q

What is classical conditioning

A

Learning to associate neutral stimuli with stimuli that produce reflexive, involuntary responses

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4
Q

Learning to associate neutral stimuli with stimuli that produce reflexive, involuntary responses is known as…

A

Classical conditioning

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5
Q

What is an unconditioned stimulus

A

Something that elicits a natural, reflexive response

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6
Q

Something that elicits a natural, reflexive response is known as…

A

Unconditioned stimulus

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7
Q

What is delayed conditioning

A

Introducing the US while the CS is still evident

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8
Q

Introducing the US while the CS is still evident is known as…

A

Delayed conditioning

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9
Q

What is trace conditioning

A

The presentation of the CS, followed by a short break, and then the US

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10
Q

The presentation of the CS, followed by a short break, and then the US is known as…

A

Trace conditioning

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11
Q

What is simultaneous conditioning

A

CS and US are presented at the same time

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12
Q

CS and US being presented at the same time is known as…

A

Simultaneous conditioning

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13
Q

What is backward conditioning

A

US is presented first, followed by the CS

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14
Q

US being presented first, followed by the CS is known as…

A

Backward conditioning

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15
Q

What is extinction

A

When the CS no longer elicits the CR

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16
Q

When the CS no longer elicits the CR it is called…

A

Extinction

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17
Q

What is spontaneous recovery

A

Response breifly reappears upon presentation of the CS after extinction

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18
Q

Response breifly reappearing upon presentation of the CS after extinction is known as…

A

Spontaneous recovery

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19
Q

What is adverse conditioning

A

Conditioned to have a negative response

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20
Q

Someone conditioned to have a negative response to something is known as…

A

Adverse conditioning

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21
Q

What is learned taste aversion

A

Developing an aversion to food/drink after ingesting it and feeling sick after

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22
Q

Developing an aversion to food/drink after ingesting it and feeling sick after is known as…

A

Learned taste aversion

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23
Q

What is the Garcia effect

A

Aversion develops more strongly for stimuli that cause nausea than other stimuli in animals

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24
Q

“Aversion develops more strongly for stimuli that cause nausea than other stimuli in animals”
This is known as the…

A

Garcia effect

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25
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

Learning based on association of consequences with one’s actions

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26
Q

Learning based on association of consequences with one’s actions is known as…

A

Operant conditioning

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27
Q

What is the law of effect

A

If the consequences of a behavior are pleasant, the stimulus-response connection will be strengthened and the likelihood of the behavior will increase

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28
Q

“If the consequences of a behavior are pleasant, the stimulus-response connection will be strengthened and the likelihood of the behavior will increase”
This is known as the…

A

Law of effect

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29
Q

What is the Skinner box

A

A contraption with a way to deliver food to an animal after completing an action

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30
Q

What is reinforcer

A

Anything that makes a behavior more likely to occur

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31
Q

Anything that makes a behavior more likely to occur is known as a…

A

Reinforcer

32
Q

What is instrumental learning

A

Consequence is instrumental in shaping future behaviors

33
Q

“Consequence is instrumental in shaping future behaviors”
This is known as…

A

Instrumental learning

34
Q

What is positive reinforcement

A

The addition of something pleasant

35
Q

The addition of something pleasant is called…

A

Positive reinforcement

36
Q

What is negative reinforcement

A

The removal of something unpleasant

37
Q

The removal of something unpleasant is called…

A

Negative reinforcement

38
Q

What is escape learning

A

Allowing one to terminate an aversive stimulus

39
Q

Allowing one to terminate an aversive stimulus is known as…

A

Escape learning

40
Q

What is avoidance learning

A

Enabling one to avoid unpleasant stimulus altogether

41
Q

Enabling one to avoid unpleasant stimulus altogether is known as…

A

Avoidance learning

42
Q

What is punishment

A

The addition of something unpleasant

43
Q

The addition of something unpleasant is known as…

A

Punishment

44
Q

What is omission training

A

The removal of something pleasant

45
Q

The removal of something pleasant is known as…

A

Omission training

46
Q

What is shaping

A

Reinforcing the steps used to reach the desired behavior

47
Q

Reinforcing the steps used to reach the desired behavior is known as…

A

Shaping

48
Q

What is a primary reinforcer

A

Things that are rewarding in it of themselves

49
Q

Things that are rewarding in it of themselves are called…

A

Primary reinforcers

50
Q

What is a secondary reinforcer

A

Things we have learned to value

51
Q

Things we have learned to value are called…

A

Secondary reinforcers

52
Q

What is a generalized reinforcer

A

Something that can be traded in for anything

53
Q

Something that can be traded in for anything is known as a…

A

Generalized reinforcer

54
Q

What is the Premack principle

A

Whichever of two activities is preferred can be used to reinforce the activity that isn’t preferred

55
Q

“Whichever of two activities is preferred can be used to reinforce the activity that isn’t preferred”
This is known as the…

A

Premack principle

56
Q

What is a fixed ratio

A

Reinforcement delivered after a set number of responses

57
Q

Reinforcement delivered after a set number of responses is known as a…

A

Fixed ratio

58
Q

What is a fixed interval

A

Reinforcement delivered after a behavior is performed following the passage of a fixed amount of time

59
Q

Reinforcement delivered after a behavior is performed following the passage of a fixed amount of time is known as a…

A

Fixed interval

60
Q

What is a variable ratio

A

Reinforcement delivered after a variable number of responses

61
Q

Reinforcement delivered after a variable number of responses is known as a…

A

Variable ratio

62
Q

What is a variable interval

A

Reinforcement delivered after a behavior is performed following the passage of a variable amount of time

63
Q

Reinforcement delivered after a behavior is performed following the passage of a variable amount of time is known as a…

A

Variable interval

64
Q

What is Pavlov’s contiguity model

A

The more time things are paired, the greater the learning that will take place

65
Q

“The more time things are paired, the greater the learning that will take place”
This is known as…

A

Pavlov’s contiguity model

66
Q

What is Rescorla’s contingency model

A

It is necessary for one event to reliably predict another for a strong association between the two

67
Q

“It is necessary for one event to reliably predict another for a strong association between the two”
This is known as…

A

Rescorla’s contingency model

68
Q

What is modeling

A

Learning by observation and imitation

69
Q

Learning by observation and imitation is called…

A

Modeling

70
Q

What is latent learning

A

Learning that becomes obvious once a reinforcement is given for demonstrating it

71
Q

Learning that becomes obvious once a reinforcement is given for demonstrating it is known as…

A

Latent learning

72
Q

What is abstract learning

A

Understanding concepts

73
Q

Understanding concepts is known as…

A

Abstract learning

74
Q

What is insight learning

A

Suddenly realizing how to solve a problem

75
Q

Suddenly realizing how to solve a problem is known as…

A

Insight learning

AP Psych (14 decks)

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