BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

Question 1

refers to the action of parasites, predators, pathogens in maintaining another organism density at lower average than would occur in their absence. It plays an important role in integrated pest management and organic agriculture.

Answer 1

Biological control

Question 2

It may be slow in effect but can last longer: inexpensive and harmless to living organisms and the ecosystem.

Answer 2

Biological control

Question 3

Term biological pest control first used by ____ at the yr _____ meeting of the American association of economic entomologists at California.

Answer 3

Harry Scott Smith, 1919

Question 4

The first report of the use of an insect sp. To control an insect pest comes from_____

Answer 4

Nan Fang Cao Mu Zhuang (Plants of the southern region) by Ji han (Botanist).

Question 5

Biological control started to emerge in _____ in U.S.A.

Answer 5

1870

Question 6

First international shipment of an insect as a biological control agent was made by ____ in ___. Shipping to France the predatory mites to help fight grape vine disease agent ___

Answer 6

Charles V Riley , 1873.
Phylloxera

Question 7

The first importation of the parasitoid into U.S. was of ______ imported from Europe to control _____

Answer 7

Cotesia glomerata
cabbage white butterfly.

Question 8

Father of Modern Biological Control and the first person who import mites to control grapevine Phylloxera.

Answer 8

Charles Valentine Riley

Question 9

_____includes the use of natural enemies and beneficial microorganisms to reduce insect pest population and disease incidence.

Answer 9

Biological control

Question 10

three biological control agents namely:

Answer 10

parasitoids. predators and entomopathogens.

Question 11

It refers to the entomological insect parasite. ____ as opposed to parasites destroy the host. This includes organisms that require only one host to complete their life cycle. ____ usually smaller than the host (pest).

Answer 11

Parasitoids

Question 12

Classification of Parasitoid Development According to the Insect Life Stages

Answer 12

1. Egg parasitoids
2. Larval parasitoids
3. Nymphal parasitoids
4. Pupal parasitoids
5. Adult parasitoids

Question 13

•can adopt and survive year-round in the host environment. •has higher reproductive capacity. has high host seeking ability
•life history synchronized with the host.
•has the ability to disperse equally with the host best to •have no hyperparasitoids
•an advantage if the female can detect parasitized host

Answer 13

parasitoids

Question 14

parasitizes eggs of the corn borer.

Answer 14

Trichogramma evanescens (Hymenoptera)

Question 15

parasitizes larvae of striped stem borer

Answer 15

Xanthopimpla stemmator (wasp)

Question 16

preys on Diamond Back Moth (DBM). A parasitoid of diamond back moth (effective in the highlands or places with cold climates like some parts of the Cordillera Region and some parts of Mindanao).

Answer 16

Diadegma semiclausum (wasp)

Question 17

preys on DBM, Asian corn borer. A parasitoid of diamond back moth which is effective in the lowlands.

Answer 17

Cotesia glomerata (small dark colored wasp)

Question 18

Example of Parasitoids;

Answer 18

Trichogramma evanescens (Hymenoptera)
Xanthopimpla stemmator (wasp)
Diadegma semiclausum (wasp)
Cotesia glomerata (small dark colored wasp)

Question 19

are organisms that kills and devour smaller organisms for survival.

Answer 19

Predators

Question 20

examples of predators

Answer 20

earwigs, lady beetle, ground beetle, nabid bugs. lace wings, dragonfly, syrphids flies.

Question 21

_____usually viewed as aggressors, and mechanisms of defense in the disease process have been considered mainly from the perspective of the host.

Answer 21

Plant pathogens

Question 22

____refer to microorganisms that cause disease to their hosts. These are also termed as entomogenous microorganisms or entomopathogens.

Answer 22

Pathogens

Question 23

Pathogens includes:

Answer 23

Fungi, Bacteria, Nematodes and virus

Question 24

•This was used successfully to protect crops from a variety of pests.
• They can infect a wide range of insect hosts.
• There has been only limited success in ____ as biological control agent because____ are slow to kill their host. Whereas some fungi have a broad host range.

Answer 24

Fungi

Question 25

are known as green muscardine fungi. These are easily recognized a few days after death of the arthropod when the fungus grows out of the arthropod integument and forms reproductive structure.

Answer 25

Metarhizium species

Question 26

are also known to produce compounds that are toxic to arthropods and presumably aid in killing the host. suppressing host's immune defenses and fending off potential microbial competitors.

Answer 26

Metarhizium species

Question 27

is highly potent against various sucking pests. It is known as a "white halo" fungus because of the white mycelial growth on the edges of infected scale insects. _____ used for control of aphids and white flies.

Answer 27

Verticillium lecanii

Question 28

a green muscardine fungus characterized by the formation of mono or synnematous conidiophores that bear whorls of phialides. Infection process starts with the adhesion of conidia on the insect cuticle. At the end of the infection cycle, mycelia emerge from the cuticle and produce conidiophores.

Answer 28

Nomuraea species

Question 29

also called the white muscardine. When spores of this fungus come in contact with the cuticle of susceptible insect, they germinate and grow directly through the cuticle to the inner body, producing toxins and draining the insect, eventually killing it. It then grows back out through the softer portions of the cuticle, covering the insect with a layer of white mold.

Answer 29

Beauvaria bassiana

Question 30

a naturally occurring fungus in soils throughout the world. ___ is mass produced and used to manage a wide variety of insect pests including: White flies, Thrips, Aphids, Weevils.

Answer 30

Beauvaria bassiana

Question 31

certainly more specific and is not a threat to the environment. Each ineffective juvenile carries bacteria in the gut, and releases the bacteria into the body cavity of the insect after penetration. The bacteria kill the host in 24 hours.

Answer 31

Entomopathogenic nematodes

Question 32

used for biological control infects insects via their digestive tract so they offer only limited options for controlling insects with sucking mouth parts such as aphids and scale insects

Answer 32

Bacteria

Question 33

Resides in soil, soft bodied, non-segmented. Obligate or facultative parasite on broad range of insects. Introduces new and environmental- friendly way to eliminate plant pest.

Answer 33

Nematodes

Question 34

These harbors gut bacteria which helps in pathogenesis: symbiotic association with bacteria. Entomopathogenic Nematodes (ENs) in the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema are used as biological control agent (BCA) for diverse insect pests.

Answer 34

Nematodes

Question 35

obligate disease causing organisms that can reproduce within a host insect.

Answer 35

Virus

Question 36

They can provide safe, effective and sustainable control of a variety insect pests usually attack larvae of lepidoptera or hymenoptera.

Answer 36

Virus

Question 37

_____ host specific. ____ induced mortality is caused by toxic proteins that accumulate during reproductive cycle of virus after death of insect the integument and internal tissues melt away.

Answer 37

Virus

Question 38

After Infection larvae initially white then darken.

Answer 38

Nuclear polyhedrovirus

Question 39

After infection larvae turns milky white and stop feeding.

Answer 39

Granulovirus

Question 40

Biological Control Approaches

Answer 40

1. Importation/ Classical Biological Control 2. Augmentation 3. Conservation

Question 41

involves the introduction of pests natural enemy to a new location where they do not occur naturally.

Answer 41

Importation/ Classical Biological Control

Question 42

Involves the supplemental release of natural enemies, boosting the naturally occurring population. All activities designed to increase numbers or effect of existing natural enemies, achieved by releasing additional numbers of a natural enemy into a system or modifying the environment in such a way as to promote greater number or effectiveness.

Answer 42

Augmentation BC

Question 43

Two types Augmentation

Answer 43

Inoculative release: Inundative release:

Question 44

small numbers of the control agents are released at intervals to allow them to reproduce in the hope of setting up longer term control and thus keeping the pest down to a low level; constituting prevention rather than cure.

Answer 44

Inoculative release:

Question 45

involves mass culture and release of natural enemies to suppress the pest population directly.

Answer 45

Inundative release

Question 46

It involves avoidance of measures that destroy natural enemies and the use of measure that increase their longevity and reproduction of the natural enemies in an environment.

Answer 46

Conservation Bc

Question 47

Advantages of Biological Control

Answer 47

Absence of toxic effects No development of resistance by the pest. No residues of poison in the soils and rivers. No build-up of toxins in food chain No killing of pollinators, or development of secondary pests through the destruction of their environment.

Question 48

Disadvantages of Biological Control

Answer 48

Control is slow It is often unpredictable It is difficult and expensive to develop and apply It requires expert supervision