FINALS Flashcards by Aubrey Grace Ann Nonog

is a type of biological control and a promising approach to
regulate insect pest populations in a species-specific manner.

Genetic control

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It is based on targeting the reproductive capacity of the target pest species
to reduce population size to non-critical levels.

Genetic control

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What are the Control Tactics for Genetic Control?

Genetic Manipulation of Pest
a. Sterile Insect Technique
b. Sexier Sterile Insect
c. Super-sexed Sterile Insect
d. Dominant Conditional Lethal Mutation
Genetic Manipulation of Plants

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– Reduces the fitness of the pest directly or indirectly, in order to decrease or
eradicate the population.

Genetic Manipulation of Pest

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The best known and also very successful genetic control strategy is the________ , which entails the continuous mass-release of irradiation-
sterilized males of a given species to produce infertile matings in the field, leading
to the decline in the target population over time.

Sterile Insect Technique

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____was first to described the SIT. He is best known for his
work to eradicate ____in Texas._____ were eliminated in a span of only seven weeks, saving the domestic goat herds that were a source of
meat and milk for the island people (1954).

Edward F. Knipling
screwworm flies

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Limitations of SIT

Geography
Resistance
Economics
Timing

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Advantages of SIT

Specific
Environmental-friendly

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Giving the sterile males more sex appeal.

Sexier Sterile Insect

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__________of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem’s noted the process ofrearing millions of male insects, sterilizing them and transporting them to the release site can severely affect their sexual competitiveness, so he studied the behavior and psychology of fruit flies and mosquito.

Prof. Boaz Yuval
Sexier Sterile Insect

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The method is currently employed against several dozen insect species. Since the process can adversely affect the male insects’ sexual competitiveness, Yuval
and his fellow researchers are formulating a high-protein, bacteria enhanced
“breakfast of champions” for the males which should significantly improve their
sexual performance when released in the field. So he studies the behavior and
psychology of fruit fly and mosquito.

Super-sexed Sterile Insect
Robert H. Smith

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Release of GM insects with dominant, conditional lethal trait.

Dominant Conditional Lethal Mutation

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This is a process where the gene for a particular character is introduced inside
the chromosome of a cell. When the gene for a particular character is introduced
in a plant cell, a transgenic plant is produced. These transgenic plants exhibit
characters governed by the newly introduced gene.

Genetic Manipulation of Plants

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This helps in improving crop variety. It ensures food security and insect
resistant crops. It also improves the quality and yield of crops.

Genetic Manipulation of Plants

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Methods of Genetic Manipulation of Plants

a. Genetic Engineering/ Genetic Modification
b. Plant Tissue
c. Plant Genetic Systems (PGS)

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It is the direct manipulation of an organism’s genome using biotechnology. It is a set of technology used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the
transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or
novel organisms.

Genetic Engineering/ Genetic Modification

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The product of genetic engineering is known as______ (GMO, GMCs, GM crops or biotech crops). This are plants used in Agriculture,
The DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering techniques. In
most cases the aim is to introduce a new trait to plant which does not occur
naturally in species.

genetically modified crops
Genetic Engineering/ Genetic Modification

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The first genetically modified crop plant was produced in_____, an antibiotic resistant_____ plant. The first field trials occurred in France and the USA in 1986, when_____ plants were engineered for herbicide resistance.

1982
tobacco
tobacco

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– A collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues or organs
under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium known composition.

Plant tissue

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Techniques: the production of exact copies of plants that produce particularly
good flowers, fruits or have other desirable traits. To quickly produce mature
plants etc.

Plant tissue

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– Best known for its work in the development of insect-resistant transgenic
plants. The focus of its activities is the genetic engineering of plants.

c. Plant Genetic Systems (PGS)

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was the first company to genetically
engineered insect resistant (tobacco) plants by incorporating genes that
produced insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringensis .

Marc Van Montagu and Jeff Schell

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Refers to the amount of heritable qualities possessed by the plant which
influences the ultimate degree of damage done by the insect (Painter, 2015).

HOST PLANT RESISTANCE

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is considered as those heritable characters which enable a plant to avoid, tolerate or recover from attacks of insects under conditions that would
cause greater injury to other plants of the same species (Swelling, 1914).

HOST PLANT RESISTANCE

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also called apparent resistance.

Ecological/Pseudo Resistance

- Ecological resistance relies more on environmental conditions than on genetics. Certain crop varieties may overcome the most susceptible stage rapidly and thus avoid insect damage. - It arises due to environmental factors rather than the plant's genetics and doesn't involve any inherent defense mechanisms.

Ecological/Pseudo Resistance

Types of Pseudo Resistance

a. Host evasion. b. Induced Resistance. c. Host Escape

Host may pass through the most susceptible stage quickly or at a time when insects are less or evade injury by early maturing. This pertains to the whole population of host plant.

Host evasion

Increase in resistance temporarily as a result of some changed conditions of plants or environment such as change in the amount of water or nutrient status of soil.

Induced Resistance.

Absence of infestation or injury to host plant due to transitory process like incomplete infestation.

Host Escape

Host Plant Resistance Mechanism:

a. Antixenosis b. Antibiosis c. Tolerance

Formerly called “preference or non-preference”. It means that the insect finds the plant unattractive for food oviposition or shelter or has inherited avoidance behavior towards it.

Antixenosis

Is a condition in a plant which is unfavorable for the development or survival of the insect. A heritable characteristic in a plant which has an adverse effect on the biology of an insects such as Mortality, reduced fecundity, reduced size or weight, inability to store food reserves or other physiological abnormalities.

Antibiosis

______Against European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) ______ Gossypol ______Sinigrin

1.DIMBOA 2. American bollworm 3. Aphids

The ability of a plant to sustain injury or recover through increased growth and produce a crop in spite of insect attack.

Tolerance

Characteristics of Resistance:

1. Heritable 2. Relative 3. Measurable 4. Variable

Factors Affecting the Expression of Resistance:

a. Physical Factors i.) Temperature ii) Light intensity iii) Soil fertility b. Biological Factors i) Biotypes ii) Plant age

_____Abnormally high or low temperatures for a period of time may cause loss of resistance. _____ Shade induced loss of resistance has been found in several instances. _____Changes in soil nutrient levels may also mediate the expressions of resistance in some plants, but little is known about the mechanisms involved.

1. temperature 2. Light Intensity 3. Soil fertility

When resistant cultivars are grown widely, selection pressure is imposed by these hosts on the insect population. When capable, the insect population responds with genotypes with virulence to overcome the resistance. With time, these genotypes with superior fitness increase in number and displace the earlier ones. This results in a situation of growing ineffectiveness of the resistant cultivar.

Biotypes

Physiological responses in plants vary with age, and these can lead to changes in the expression of cultivar resistance

Plant age

Prevention of the entry and establishment of foreign plant and animal pests in a country or area and eradication or suppression of pests established in a limited area.

REGULATORY CONTROL

Prevention of entry/establishment of insects through inspection of materials coming into a particular place especially living plants or animals or packed materials that are likely to harbor pests and serve as carrier for theses.

REGULATORY CONTROL

Legal restriction of movements of plants and plant materials between countries and between states within the country to prevent introduction and spread of pests and diseases where they do not exist.

Plant Quarantine

The Plant Quarantine Service of the Bureau of Plant Industry is the regulatory arm of the Philippine Department of Agriculture when it comes to matters of import, export, domestic movement as well as market access of plants and plant products.

Plant Quarantine Service (PQS)

It aims to prevent the entry of foreign pests already existing in the country and comply with the international standards.

Plant Quarantine Service (PQS)

• Regulates and promotes the growth and development of the plant industry. • Oversees registration and regulation of pesticides. • Provides guidance on integrated pest management practices.

Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI)

• Regulates and controls fertilizers, pesticides, and related products. • Ensures proper registration, distribution, and use of pest control products.

Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority (FPA)

• A corporation who focused on rice research and development. • Develops and promotes integrated pest management strategies for rice production. • Identifies and manages rice pests and diseases.

Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice)

• Industry association representing the crop protection industry. • Works with regulatory agencies, farmers, and stakeholders. • Ensures responsible use and distribution of crop protection products. • Provides input on pest control policies and regulations.

Philippine Crop Protection Association (PCPA)

• Primary government agency responsible for public health. • Plays a role in pest control, especially disease vectors like mosquitoes and rodents. • Collaborates with other agencies for vector-borne disease prevention and control.

Department of Health (DOH)

• Accredits plant pest diagnostic laboratories • Ensures accurate identification of plant pests and diseases

Administrative Order No. 9, Series of 2017

• Regulates import/export of plant materials • Prevents pests and diseases through guidelines and quarantine measures

Administrative Order No. 8, Series of 2007

• Establishes regulations for plant quarantine and control of pests and diseases. • Aims to prevent pest entry and regulate import/export of plant products.

Presidential Decree No. 1144, Plant Quarantine Law of 1977

This regulation covers pest control operator accreditation, pesticide storage and handling, and PPE use.

"Pest Control Operator Accreditation Revisions"

Regulated Pests in the Philippines?

• Fruit flies (Bactrocera spp.) • Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri ) • Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) • Coconut leaf beetle (Brontispa longissima ) • Coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei )

➢ It is the legislation to prevent the introduction of new pests from other countries. ➢ Prevents introduction of pests from foreign countries ➢ Restricts or prohibits import of plant materials like sugarcane sets from Philippines; rubber seed from south America.

Foreign Quarantine

The process of selling goods from your country to a foreign country.

Exportation

➢ It is the legislation to prevent the spread of already established pests, diseases, and weeds from one part of the country to another. ➢ The State Acts empower to prevent the spread of dangerous pest within their jurisdictions.

Domestic Quarantine

The process of purchasing goods from a foreign country to be sold in your own country.

Importation

➢ It is the legislation to prevent damages and spread of already established pests. ➢ The State Act is enforced on cultivators to take control measures for the following pests

Enforcement of Pest Control Measures

➢ It is the legislation to prevent the adulteration and misbranding of insecticides. ➢ Central Insecticide Board is set up to advice Center and States on technical matters of insecticide.

Quality Control

It involves implementing measures to prevent the introduction of pests into an area and it includes the following: • Restrictions on the movement of people and goods • Inspections of imported goods • Quarantine measures

Prevention of entry

Elimination of pest and introduce newly or limited-distribution pests are targeted for eradication.

Eradication

If it is not possible to eradicate a pest once it has taken root, the next course of action is to impede its spread and minimize damage. Quarantines and inspection can be utilized to slow down the proliferation of pests.

Retardation and Mitigation of Losses

• Accredits plant nurseries and propagators • Ensures healthy, pest-free plant materials

Administrative Order No. 3, Series of 2014

• Accredits plant quarantine treatment facilities • Controls pests and diseases in regulated plant materials

Administrative Order No. 12, Series of 2017:

• Issues guidelines for quarantine, inspection, and monitoring of plant materials. • Regulates import/export and movement of plants and related items.

Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI) Plant Quarantine Administrative Orders:

• Establishes National Pest Surveillance and Early Warning System (NPSEWS). Monitors and detects pests and diseases in agriculture and fisheries.

Department of Agriculture (DA) Administrative Order No. 9, Series of 2013:

FINALS Flashcards

(68 cards)