biological explanations

Question 1

historical approach

Answer 1

lombroso- produced a ‘scientific’ theory of the atavistic form in 1876

Question 2

atavistic form

Answer 2

criminals genetically are more at a primitive stage in evolution than non criminals so are ‘throwbacks,’ criminality is innate

Question 3

examples of physical differences

Answer 3

asymmetrical face
heavy brow
big ears
large jaws
long arms
fleshy lips

Question 4

thieves difference

Answer 4

upturned nose

Question 5

murder dif

Answer 5

hooked beak nose

Question 6

positivist school of criminology

Answer 6

argues that criminal behaviour has distinct characteristics and careful measurement of criminals reveal the courses
lombroso made biological measurements of 4,000+ criminals

Question 7

historical positive

Answer 7

conducted with careful measurements paving the way for more scientific approaches

Question 8

historical negative

Answer 8

goring- 3,000 crim v non and no physical dif

racism

Question 9

genetics

Answer 9

genetic-inherited genotypes make display of criminal behaviour (phenotype) more likely
gene candidate- MAOA gene linked to high levels of crim behaviour
diathesis stress

Question 10

neural

Answer 10

bio processes and neural structures in brain lead to criminality
neurotransmitters- imbalance linked to offendendinf. noradrenaline- aggression, serotonin- impulsivity
neurological structures- low limbic system no empathy, undervalued frontal cortex- poor impulse control

Question 11

positive of genetic and neural

Answer 11

rhee- 51 twin adoption studies. genetics 40% of variance in anti social behaviour

raine- volume of frontal lobe in people with ape and 11% reduction in prefrontal grey mayter

Question 12

negative of g&n

Answer 12

biologically deterministic
socially sensitive
reductionist