Biological Macromolecules Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
Functions of carbohydrates
A
Energy
Structure building blocks
Various cellular functions (glycoproteins, glycolipids, cell adhesion, cell communication)
2
Q
Formula for carbohydrate monomers
A
(CH2O)2
3
Q
What is the simplest form of a carbohydrate?
A
Monosaccharide
4
Q
What a the 3 types of carbs?
A
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
5
Q
What is a hexoses?
A
A monosaccharide with 6 Carbons, C6H12O6
6
Q
What is an aldehyde sugar called?
A
Aldoses
7
Q
What are the 3 types of hexoses that are aldoses?
A
Glucose, mannose, galactose
8
Q
What form is aldoses typically found in?
A
Cyclic
9
Q
Draw glucose
A
Google answer
10
Q
Draw mannose
A
Google answer
11
Q
Draw galactose
A
Google answer
12
Q
What is the hexoses that is a ketoses called?
A
Fructose
13
Q
What is a ketone sugar called?
A
Ketoses
14
Q
Draw fructose
A
Google answer
15
Q
What is a monosaccharide with 5 Carbons called?
A
Pentoses
16
Q
Name 2 important pentoses
A
Ribose & deoxyribose
17
Q
What are monosaccharides with 3 Carbons called?
A
Trioses
18
Q
How are monosaccharide isomers distinguished?
A
Alpha = downwards
Beta= upwards
Based on hydroxyl closes to the lone oxygen
19
Q
What is a disaccharide?
A
2 monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond
20
Q
What is a glycosidic bond?
A
Condensation/dehydration reaction between OH groups (releases one water molecule for every bond formed )
21
Q
What do 2 glucose bound together form?
A
The disaccharide maltose
22
Q
What does a glucose & a fructose form together?
A
Sucrose
23
Q
What does a glucose & a galactose form together?
A
Lactose
24
Q
What are the 2 kinds of polysaccharides?
A
Structural & storage
25
What monomer is cellulose made up of?
Glucose
26
How does cellulose stack & using what bonds?
Parallel, hydrogen bonds
27
What kind of polysaccharide is cellulose?
Structural
28
What kind of bond is in cellulose?
Beta- 1, 4 glycosidic
29
What monomers make up starch
Glucose
30
What kind of polysaccharide is starch? in what?
Storage, plants
31
What Color does a material containing starch turn if stained with iodine? (Iodine test)
Dark blue
32
What an the two types of starch?
Amylose & amylopectin
33
What monomers is glycogen made up of?
Glucose
34
What kind of polysaccharide is glycogen? & in what?
Storage, animals
35
What Color does a material containing glycogen turn if stained with iodine? (Iodine test)
Dark red/brown
36
What kind of polysaccharide is chitin & where is it found?
Structural, certain animal exoskeleton & found in cell walls of fungi
37
4 kinds of macromolecules?
Proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acid
38
Draw the general structure of an amino acid
Google answer
39
4 different groups of amino acids
Non polar, polar, negative charged & positively charged
40
What kind of bonds form between amino acids to create proteins?
Peptide bonds
41
What is the primary structure of a protein?
The sequence of amino acids
42
What type of bond is found at the primary structure of an amino acid protein?
Peptide bond (covalent) between Carboxyl & amino groups
43
What is a secondary protein structure?
When the protein is an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
44
What type of bond is found at the secondary structure of an amino acid protein?
Hydrogen bond between Carboxyl & amino groups
45
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
3d shape
46
What type of bond is found at the tertiary structure of an amino acid protein?
Ionic bond
Hydrogen bond
Disulphide bridge
Hydrophobic interactions
Var der waals bond
All sounds between the R groups
47
What proteins have quaternary structures?
Proteins made from more polypeptide chains
48
What type of bond is found at the quaternary structure of an amino acid protein?
Ionic bond
Hydrogen bond
Disulphide bridge
Hydrophobic interactions
Var der waals bond
All bonds between the R groups
49
What gives the protein its function?
The shape/folding
50
What is it called when a protein loses its shape & thus its function?
Denaturing
51
What can cause denaturing of a protein?
Ph
Temperature
Chemicals
52
What kind of macromolecule are enzymes?
Proteins
53
Types of proteins
Enzymes
Transport proteins
Structural proteins
Some hormones
Protection proteins
Contractile proteins
Storage proteins
Toxins
Recognition / communication proteins
54
What kind of macromolecule ar fats & oils?
Lipids
55
What is the composition of lipids?
Glycerol & fatty acids
56
What are the function of fats & oil?
Energy, insulation, lowering density, mechanical protection, regulating & signalling, absorption of water insolvaste molecules
57
How are fats & oils formed?
1 glycerol & 3 fatty acids react Via a condensation reaction to form an Esther (3 water molecules are released in the process)
58
What is a saturated fat?
A fat that is filled with hydrogen
59
What is an unsaturated fat?
Fat not filled with hydrogen, thus there are some double bonds
60
What are the 2 categories of unsaturated fats?
Cis & trans
61
What is a cis fat?
Hydrogens on the Carbons with the double bond face the same side
62
What is a trans fat?
Hydrogens on the Carbons with the double bond face the opposite side
63
What does it mean that phospholipids are amphipathic?
Has a hydrophobic & a hydrophilic region
64
What part of phospholipids are hydrophobic?
The tail
65
What part of phospholipids are hydrophilic?
The head
66
What kind of macromolecule are steroids?
Lipids
67
What sets the structure of steroids apart?
They have fused 4 ring structure
68
What are steroids formed from?
Cholesterol
69
Are steroids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Hydrophobic
70
What 5 steroids are formed from cholesterol?
Testosterone
OestradioI
Vitamin D
Bile salts
Cortisol
71
What kind of macromolecule are waxes?
Lipids
72
What are the roles of waxes?
Waxes are secreted by some animals & plants to remove water, create structures (like beehives) & water retention (In plants)
73
What kind of monomers does nucleic acid contain?
Nucleotides
74
Examples of molecules nucleotides are components of
Nucleic acids, ATP & gtp
75
What are the 3 components of nucleotides
Pentose sugar, phosphate & nitrogenous base
76
What is the difference betroth a nucleotide & a nucleoside?
Nucleosides don't have phosphates
77
What are the 2 types of nuclei acid?
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) & RNA (ribonucleic acid)
78
What kind of covalent bonds are formed in DNA?
Phosphodiester linkage
79
What is important to note about Phosphodiester linkage?
Between 3' & 5'
Di-ester: 2 ester bonds for each phosphate
80
What bonds are formed between 2 nitrobases?
Hydrogen bonds
81
How many rings does a purine have?
2
82
Which nitrogenous bases are pyramidines?
Cytosine, thymine & Uracil
83
Which nitrogenous bases are purines?
Adenine & guanine
84
How many rings do pyramidines have?
1
85
How many hydrogen bonds are between the different nitrogenous bases?
A & t: 2 H-bonds
A & U: 2 h-bonds
C & G: 3 H-bonds
86
Where is RNA found?
Nucleus, mitochondrial matrix, chloroplast stroma & cytosol
87
What is an enzyme?
Biological catalyst
88
What are all enzymes?
Proteins
89
What is a tell sign that something is an enzyme?
The name ends in "ase"
90
What is induced fit? (enzymes)
Enzyme changing shape to fit moucule perfectly
91
What type of reaction are hydrolase enzymes used to catalyse? Example of enzymes
Hydrolysis
Protease, lipase & phosphatase
92
What type of reaction are lyases enzymes used to catalyse?
Decomposition
93
What type of reaction are legases/synthetases enzymes used to catalyse? Example of enzymes
Synthesis
DNA polymerase & DNA ligase
94
What type of reaction are isomerases enzymes used to catalyse?
Atom rearrangement
95
What type of reaction are oxidoreductase enzymes used to catalyse? Example of enzymes
Redox
Dehydrogenase (removes H+) & oxidase (adds H+)
96
What type of reaction are transferases enzymes used to catalyse? Example of enzymes
Functional group transfer
Kinase
97
How are enzymes produced?
DNA transcription → translation as they are proteins
98
What activates enzymes?
Cofactors & coenzymes
99
What are cofactors?
Small inorganic molecules required for enzymes to function
100
Example of cofactors
Heme, Fe2+, Zn2+, dietary enzymes etc.
101
What are coenzymes?
Organic carrier molecules required for enzymes to function
102
How do coenzymes work?
Holds on to useful components in the reaction making the enzyme taste to fulfil its role
103
Examples of coenzymes
NAD+, FAD,NADP+, CoA, vitamins etc
104
How can we regulate the activation of enzymes to control enzyme activity?
Using activators
105
How do activators work?
Bind allosterically to the enzyme to make a conformational change so the enzyme can bind to the substrate
106
Ways of reducing enzyme activity (3)
Degradation: proteases will be able to destroy them
Reduce gene expression: lessens production of enzymes
→ best way: enzyme inhibition <—
107
What are the 3 types of inhibitor?
Competitive inhibition
Uncompetitive inhibition
Non-competitive inhibition
108
What kind of enzyme inhibitor can be overcome by increasing substrate amount?
Competitive
109
Can increase in temperature impact enzyme activity?
Yes, can help reduce activation energy or denature enzymes
110
What is amylose?
A type of polysaccharide
111
What is amylase?
An enzyme
112
Which bio molecule contains the most energy (ATP)?
Lipids (fats)
113
What is glucagon?
Peptide hormone secreted from the alpha cells of the pancreas
114
Through what forces do fatty acid chains interact?
Van der Waals
115
Does sugars contain nitrogen?
No, only carbon, hydrogen & oxygen
116
Do all proteins contain nitrogen?
Yes, they are made up of amino acid which contains an NH2 group
117
What does the addition of a fatty acid to an alcohol directly produce?
An ester which is a type of lipid
118
Does DNA & RNA have the same sugar phosphate backbone?
No, DNA has deoxyribose & RNA has ribose
