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Inheritance & Environment Flashcards

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1
Q

What can cause chromosomal alteration?

A

Environmental factors such as radiation or other chemical triggers or randomly

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2
Q

What is deletion? ( chromosomal alteration)

A

When one gene is completely deleted/ eliminated

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3
Q

What is duplication? (Chromosomal alteration)

A

A gene is duplicated in the chromosome

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4
Q

What is inversion? (Chromosomal alteration)

A

Genes a inverted into opposite sequence

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5
Q

What is reciprocal translocation? (Chromosomal alteration)

A

Gene inter changed between homologous & non-homologous chromosome

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6
Q

What on the 4 kinds of chromosomal alteration?

A

Deletion, duplication, inversion & reciprocal transaction

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7
Q

When do mutations typically occur?

A

During gene expression, transcription, replication or translation

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8
Q

What is a Missense mutation?

A

When one amino acid is replaced with a different amino acid due to a Singh nucleotide substitution which alters genetic code

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9
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

Single nucleotide replacement creating a stop codon too early

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10
Q

What is a frame shift mutation?

A

Deletion/insertion of a nucleotide causing the reading frame to shift, the most severe

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11
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

Whe one nucleotide is replaced but it does not change the amino acid which is coded for

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12
Q

Are mutations selective or random?

A

Random

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13
Q

When do mutations occur?

A

All the time

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14
Q

Why does high mutation rate increase survival rate of a species?

A

Creates less homozygous & thus increases the chances of off spitting laving the new necessary variation of genes. Increases gene variation, diversesifices

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15
Q

Who was the first philosophers that started talking about evolutionary theories? A what was his theory ? (Now out dated )

A

Plato, typological thinking: every organism was an example of a perfect essence created by God & organisms where changing, focused on studying the perfect essence

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16
Q

What is typological thinking?

A

Platos theory that species are unchanging & variations are unimportant/ misleading

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17
Q

What evolutionary theory did Aristotle develope?

A

The scale of nature

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18
Q

What does the scale of nature theories about evolution?

A

Species are fixed types of organisms that were organized into sequence based on increased size a complexity (on a latter).

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19
Q

When was Aristotles theory & thinking dominant until?

A

1700 ‘s

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20
Q

What was Lamarck’s evolutionary theory?

A

Organisms were changing through time because of inheritance of acquired characteristics

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21
Q

Who introduced the idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics?

A

Lamarck

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22
Q

What did Lamarck believe happened to life experience?

A

He believed it was passed on to off spring

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23
Q

What is Darwins evolutionary theory called? & how many postulates?

A

Natural selection,4

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24
Q

What do the 4 postulates state?

A
  1. Individual organisms vary in traits they possess
  2. Some trait differences are heritable
  3. Survival and reproductive success are highly variable
  4. individuals with certain heritable traits are more likely to survive / reproduce
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25
When does natural selection occur?
When individuals with certain heritable traits produce more surviving offspring than individuals without those traits therefor a frequency of the selected trait increases from one generation to the next
26
What is the outcome in natural selection?
A change in allele frequencies in a population over time
27
Does evolution happen to individuals?
No, population
28
Definition of natural selection
Increases frequency of certain alleles, alleles that increase fitness in specific environment
29
What is an example of artificial selection?
Genetically modified food products
30
Definition of genetic drift
Allele frequencies change randomly
31
Definition of gene flow
New individuals introduce new alleles to the population (ex wolfs from Europe bling mixed with wages from America).
32
What 2 things cause genetic drift?
1. Founder effect 2. Genetic bottle neck
33
What is the founder effect? (genetic drift)
A change in allele frequency that occurs when a new population is established
34
What is the genetic bottleneck? (genetic drift)
In the same environment when a major part of genetic pool / organisms are killed off
35
What are the 4 types of modes of selection? What are they & do they increase or reduce genetic variation?
1 stabilizing selection: favours phenotypes at the middle of the range, maintains average phenotype, genetic variation is reduced 2 directional selection: favors one extreme phenotype causing the average to change is 1 direction, reduces genetic variation 3 disruptive: favors extreme phenotypes at both ends so the average is killed off & 2 extremes survives, genetic variation increases 4 balancing selection: no change except further is crease in average, no phenotype is favoured, genetic variation is maintained
36
What is inbreeding? & why is it bad for survival of spices?
Mating within a family, little to no variation in alleles
37
What is assertive mating?
Non-random mating with respect to specific traits
38
What is sexual selection?
Individuals differ in a ability to attract mates
39
Definition of species
Evolutionary independent population, reproductive isolated population (can not breed with other species)
40
What is pre-zygotic isolation?
When 2 species can't reproduce because they can't form a zygote
41
What is post zygotic isolation?
When the off spring of the 2 different species can't reproduce or survive
42
What are the 2 mechanisms of speciation?
Allopathic speciation & sympatric speciation
43
What is allopathic speciation?
Speciation that begin with physical isolation, vicariance (physical isolation like river splitting land,new environment) or dispersal (like lake stopping to freeze so wolfs can't leave island)
44
What is symmetric speciation?
Speciation that occurs through populations that live within the same geographical location. Can occur through external or internal events
45
What does endosymbiotic theory state?
That mitochondria & chloroplast were originally free floating prokaryotes
46
What is mitochondria DNA passed on by?
Maternal gamete
47
Where does mitochondria come from?
Aerobic bacteria
48
Where does chloroplast come from?
Cyano bacteria
49
What is divergent evolution?
2 or more species come from a common ancestor
50
What is convergent evolution?
2 Or more species share traits that are not sourced from a common ancestor (traits come due to fitness not inheritance)
51
What is speciation?
Creation of a new species
52
What is a common critique of evolution & why is it a bad critique?
It's "just a theory", it's bad because in science a theory is a thouroughly tested explanation for a group of observations made
53
Misconceptions about evolution
Evolution explains our origin, individuals evolve, evolution happens on purpose
54
What are homologous structures?
Structures that are similar due to inheritance from a common ancestor
55
What are vestigial structures?
Inherited structures that serve no purpose like wings in a bird that doesn't fly
56
What is some evidence for evolution?
Homologous structures, shared genes (humans & chimps share roughly 99%), fossils, biogeography, direct observation (bacteria adapting to antibiotics)
57
What is biogeography?
The fact that populations are fitted to their environments specifically
58
What are the 3 types of mutations?
Gene mutations Chromosome mutations Genomic mutations
59
2 types of gene mutations
Point mutations Frameshift mutations
60
4 kinds of chromosomal mutations
Deletions Duplications Inversions Translocation
61
Types of genomic mutations (2)
Aneuploidy Polyploidy
62
Where do gene mutations happen?
DNA, so can happen in nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, nucleoid, plasmids, viral genomes
63
What does gene mutation change?
DNA, thus RNA is changed & the protein is changed
64
What are spontaneous causes of mutation due to? Examples
Internal factors such as: DNA replication errors: DNA polymerase errors DNA repair errors: repair mechanises are not always 100% accurate Mitosis / meiosis errors (chromosomal & genomic mutations) Spontaneous chemical changes
65
What are induced causes of mutation due to? Examples
External factors (called mutagens) Chemicals Radiation Pathogens
66
What are the 3 stop codons?
UAg Uaa UGa
67
What is changed is point mutation?
One nucleotide base
68
4 types of point mutations
Substitution Insertion Deletion Stop codon suppression
69
What is stop codon suppression?
Nucleotide is changed so stop codon now codes for an amino acid
70
Result of missense mutation?
Single amino acid is changed thus protein structure is changed
71
Results of nonsense mutation
Shorter protein
72
Results of stop codon suppression
Longer protein
73
What happens in insertion? (point mutation)
Frame is shifted change in the entire reading frame, affecting many codons
74
Possible results of frameshift mutations (both insertion & deletion)
Altered amino acid sequence (thus altered protein structure ) Protein truncation (shortening) Protein lengthening Silent ( every unlikely )
75
What happens in deletion? (point mutation)
Frame is shifted change in the entire reading frame, affecting many codons
76
What is a somatic cell?
Any cell that is not a germ cell, the mitotic cells a non dividing cells
77
Example of somatic cells
Neurons, blood cells, kidney cells, bone cells ect
78
What are germ cells?
Gamete precursor cells, meiotic cells, can also undergo mitosis at certain stages in their life
79
What are germline mutations?
Mutations in gen cols
80
Implication of germline mutation
Will be passed on to off spring
81
Are somatic mutation heritable?
No
82
What is mosaicism?
2 or more genetically distinct cell lines Normal humans have the same genes in all cells but in mosaicism where certain cells have a mutation in their genes. Samples from one tissue might not detect it Can effect both somatic & germane cells
83
What is Lamarckism?
Theory of evolution based on the principle that physical changes during their lifetime could be transmitted to their offspring

Biology (7 decks)

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