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Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Name Monomers and give their polymers

A

Glucose -> Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen
Nucleotides -> RNA + DNA
Amino Acid -> Protein

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2
Q

What is a condensation reaction

A

Joining 2 molecules together creating a chemical bond and removing water

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3
Q

What is a Hydrolysis reaction

A

Breaks a chemical bond between 2 molecules using water

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4
Q

What are examples of monosaccharides

A

Galactose
Glucose
Fructose

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5
Q

What are examples of disaccharides

A

Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose

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6
Q

What are examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen

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7
Q

What is a disaccharide

A

Made from 2 monosaccharides
joined together by a glycosidic bond
formed by a condensation reaction

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8
Q

Is Glycogen in plants or animals

A

animals ONLY

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9
Q

What monomers does starch come from

A

alpha glucose

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10
Q

what monomers does cellulose come from

A

beta glucose

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11
Q

How many glycosidic bonds are in starch

A

1-4 in amylose
1-6 in amylopectin

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12
Q

How many glycosidic bonds are in cellulose

A

1-4

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13
Q

How many glycosidic bonds are in glycogen

A

1-6

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14
Q

what is the difference between cellulose and glycogen

A

cellulose is made from beta glucose monomers
cellulose only has 1-4 glycosidic bonds whereas glycogen has 1-6
Cellulose is straight chained whereas glycogen is branched

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15
Q

Structure of starch

A

amylopectin - branched
this has a large surface area so enzymes can hydrolyse it to turn it back into glucose
Insoluble wont water potential so doesnt affect osmosis

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16
Q

structure of cellulose

A

have long and straight chains which are linked together by hydrogen bonds to form fibrils to provide strength to the cell wall
Insoluble wont water potential so doesnt affect osmosis

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17
Q

structure of glycogen

A

branched increases SA for rapid hydrolysis to convert it back into glucose
Insoluble wont water potential so doesnt affect osmosis
compact for storage

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18
Q

structure of triglyceride

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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19
Q

structure of phospholipid

A

2 fatty acids a glycerol and a phosphate group

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20
Q

difference between phospholipid and triglyceride

A

triglyceride contains 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
phospholipid contains 2 fatty acids 1 glycerol and 1 phosphate group

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21
Q

what bond does triglyceride have

A

ester

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22
Q

what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acid

A

they have atleast one double bond between carbon atoms
saturated has a single bond between carbons

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23
Q

properties of triglycerides

A

have a lot of energy
can act as a metabolic water source
can release water if oxidised

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24
Q

why do phospholipids have a hydrophilic head

A

because of the negative charge of the phosphate group

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25
what does the hydrophilic head do
attracts water and repels fast
26
what does the hydrophilic tail do
repels water and mixes with fat
27
how are dipeptides formed
multiple amino acids joining together by a condensation reaction
28
how are polypeptides formed
condensation reaction of amino acids
29
what happens in the secondary structure of a protein
the sequence of amino acid causes part of a protein to bend into a-helix shapes or fold into B-pleated sheets Hydrogen bonds hold the secondary structure
30
what is the function of tertiary structure
forms a unique 3D shape held by hydrogen and disulphide bonds
31
what are enzymes
they are proteins which lower down the activation energy and they are biological catalysts
32
why can enzymes only attach to shapes that are complementary
active sites have a specific shape
33
what is the induced fit model of enzyme
when the active site is induced or slightly changes shape to mould around the substrate
34
what are factors affecting enzymes (5)
pH temperature substrate concentration enzyme concentration inhibitors
35
what happens if there is a lower temperature (rate)
there will not be enough kinetic energy for successful collisions between the enzyme and the substrate. Fewer enzyme substrate complexes are formed and rate of reaction is lower
36
what happens if the temperature is too high (rate)
enzyme denature because hydrogens bonds break (tertiary structure changes) so the active site changes shape and enzyme substrate complexes cant form so RATE DECREASES
37
What happens to enzymes at extreme pH levels?
Hydrogen bonds break and the enzyme's active site changes shape so the substrate may no longer fit so the enzyme becomes denatured. Fewer enzyme substrate complexes are formed
38
What is the optimum pH for most enzymes?
7
39
How does increasing enzyme concentration affect the rate of reaction?
Increasing enzyme concentration increases the number of active sites for substrates so more enzyme substrate complexes can be formed
40
How does substrate concentration affect the rate of reaction?
Increasing substrate concentration increases the rate of reaction until the enzymes are saturated.
41
what are enzyme inhibitors
molecules that slow or prevent enzyme activity by binding to enzymes
42
How do competitive inhibitors affect enzyme activity? (Compete)
they compete with the substrate for the active site and block it
43
How do non-competitive inhibitors affect enzyme activity?
they bind to an allosteric site which causes the active site to change shape
44
What happens when a competitive inhibitor binds to the active site? disadvantage
active site changes shape and the substrate cannot bind and no enzyme substrate complexes are formed
45
What happens when a non-competitive inhibitor binds to the allosteric site?
the active site changes shape and no more enzyme substrate complexes are formed
46
what is the test for starch
add iodine solution colour change from orange to black
47
what is the test for reducing sugars
add benedicts reagent and heat it using a water bath colour change from blue to brick red
48
test for protein
biuret blue -> purple
49
test for lipid
dissolve in ethanol shake THEN add water +ve result white emulsion / perticipate
50
What is a DNA molecule made up of
deoxyribose (pentose sugar) a nitrogenous base (A-T, C-G) a phosphate group
51
What is the polymer of a nucleotide called and how is it formed AND WHAT BOND DOES IT CREATE
polynucleotide created via condensation reactions creates a phosphodiester bond
52
how is a phosphodiester bond formed
created via condensation reactions between the deoxyribose sugar and the phosphate group
53
how is RNA different from DNA
does not contain hydrogen bonds shorter single stranded it has uracil replaced with thymine ribose pentose sugar
54
what is the function of RNA
transfers the genetic material from the DNA to the ribosomes.
55
Describe Semi conservative replication (DNA)
DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the complementary base pairs and unwinds the double helix Strands that are exposed will act as a template DNA polymerase will join adjacent nucleotides together Half of the original DNA is built into the new DNA
56
what is the structure of ATP
Adenine 3 phosphate groups Ribose sugar
57
What is the function of ATP (metabolism)
its an immediate source of energy for biological processes USED IN METABOLISM
58
function of ATP hydrolase
ATP can be hydrolysed into ADP + Pi
59
explain how ATP releases energy
the 3 phosphate groups are joined together by high energy bonds ATP can be hydrolysed to break bonds which releases a high amount of energy Function of Hydroylase -> hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + Pi
60
what is phospholyration
where ADP and AMP can be converted into ATP by the addition of phosphate molecules
61
How is ATP made during respiration (synthase)
Enzyme synthase catalyses condensation reaction between ADP + Pi
62
What are 4 key properties of water
Its a metabolite in condensation and hydrolysis reactions High specific heat capacity (buffers temperature) universal solvent large latent heat capacity provides a cooling effect cohesion which supports water columns
63
what is the function of hydrogen ions
lowers the pH which can have an impact on enzymes and haemoglobin
64
what is the function of iron ions
help haemoglobin transport oxygen
65
what is the function of sodium ions
involved in co transport of glucose and amino acids
66
what is the function of phosphate ions
a component of DNA and ATP
67
what is the function of calcium ions
regulates the transmission of neurones stimulates muscle contraction regulate protein channels formation of blood clots
68
What polymers do glycogen come from
polymers of alpha glucose
69
describe how a triglyceride is formed
1. One glycerol and three fatty acids; 2. Condensation (reactions) and removal of three molecules of water; 3. Ester bond(s) (formed);

Biology (25 decks)

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