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Cells Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

What is the function of the nucleous

A

site of rRNA production
makes ribosomes

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2
Q

function of nucleus

A

contains genetic material of the cell
Site of dna replication and transcription (making mRNA)

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3
Q

what does transcription make

A

mRNA

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4
Q

What is the structure and function of the endoplasmic reticulum (RER AND SER)

A

have folded membranes called cistrae
RER - protein synthesis
SER - Synthesises and stores carbohydrates and lipids

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5
Q

Structure of Golgi Apparatus (same as ER)

A

folded membrane making cristae

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6
Q

Function of golgi apparatus (carbohydrates + protein)

A

adds carbohydrates to proteins to form glycoproteins
produces enzymes
secretes carbohydrates
transports and stores lipids
form lysosomes

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7
Q

What are lysosomes

A

bags of digestive enzymes which digest/break down dead cells

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8
Q

function of lysosomes

A

hydrolyses phagocytoic cells
breaks/digests down dead cells
releases enzymes

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9
Q

structure of mitochrondria

A

double membrane
inner membrane called cristae
Fluid centre called matrix

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10
Q

function of mitochrondria (sites)

A

SITE OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION
SITE OF ATP PRODUCTION

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11
Q

what are ribosomes made from

A

made of RNA + proteins

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12
Q

function of ribosomes

A

proteinsynthesis

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13
Q

function of vacuole

A

makes cells turgid provides support
store of sugars and amino acids

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14
Q

structure of chloroplast

A

surrounded by double membrane
contains thylakoids (folded membranes embedded with pigment)
fluid filled stroma contains enzymes for photosynthesis

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15
Q

function of chloroplast

A

site of photosynthesis

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16
Q

how is the thylakoid structure described (in chloroplast)

A

folded membranes embedded with pigment (site of light dependent reaction of photosynthesis)

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17
Q

function of cell wall

A

help to provide structural strength to the cell to prevent the cell from bursting because alot of water moves in by mitosis

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18
Q

structure of cell wall

A

has murein
made of microfibrils
contains cellulose which provides strength (plants) and chitin (animals)

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19
Q

structure of plasma membrane

A

contains phospholipid bilayer (contains proteins, carbohydrates)
membrane bound organelle

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20
Q

function of plasma membrane

A

controls what enters and exits the cell

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21
Q

key differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic

A

PROKARYOTIC
No membrane bound organelles
smaller ribosomes
no nucleus
cell wall contains murein
prokaryote contains caspid and flagella
circular DNA
eukaryotic
DNA is linear
DNA has associated Histones

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22
Q

Where do viruses replicate?

A

inside of host cells

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23
Q

what do viruses produce and why are they deadly

A

they can spread and replicate producing toxins

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24
Q

definition of magnification

A

how many times larger the image is compared to the object

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25
definition of resolution and what is it determined by
minimum distance apart that two objects can be distinguished as separate objects in an image. Determined by the wavelength of light and beam of electrons
26
Describe the optical (light)
poor resolution due to high wavelength low magnification colour images can view living organisms / things species beam of light condensed
27
describe the electron microscopes (scanning or transmission)
scanning 3d transmission 2d beam of electrons condensed electromagnets used to condense the beam high resolving power because short wavelength high magnification black and white images sample must be in a vaccum to be viewed can only see small molecules
28
different between light optical microscope and electron
Light has a poorer resolution and wavelength It can view living organisms Low magnification Electron microscopes have high magnification and high resolving power high wavelength can view samples only when in a vaccum
29
Difference between Transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope
TEM produces a 2D image whereas SEM produces a 3D image
30
Equation for magnification
I = AM
31
What are the 3 requirements for cell fractionation
Cold Isotonic Buffered
32
Why does the solution have to be cold
to prevent enzyme activity and to prevent damage to organelles
33
Why does the solution have to be isotonic
to prevent osmosis as this can cause the cell to burst / swell
34
Why does the solution have to be buffered
to maintain pH and to prevent proteins from denaturing
35
Explain the steps for homogenisation
The cell must be homogenised using a blender in a cold, isotonic, buffered solution Solution is filtered to remove large debris Put sample in centrifuge and spin at different speeds. organelles will separate according to their densities pellets will form at the bottom with the most dense organelles centrifuge is sped at low speed the most dense organelles will form the pellets at the bottom Then centrifuge at higher speeds again and the most dense organelles will form pellets at the bottom the supernatant is removed leaving behind a pellet of organelles At the first spin nuclei is formed At the second spin the chloroplast miochrondia and lysosomes are formed
36
what is formed in the first centrifuge
nuclei
37
what is formed in the second centrifuge
chloroplast mitochrondria lysosomes
38
where are the pellets formed
at the bottom
39
how do prokaryotic cells replicate
binary fission
40
how do viruses replicate inside of host cells?
they inject their nucleic acid in to the cell to replicate virus particles
41
what is interphase
longest stage in the cell cycle includes G1 AND G2 AND S PHASE
42
what happens in G1
growth of the cell and the organelles will double
43
what happens in G2
growth
44
What happens in S phase
DNA synthesis
45
In mitosis how many diploid cells are formed
2
46
In Meiosis how many diploid cells are formed
4
47
Describe Interphase and its stages
G1 - growth of the cell and organelles will double G2 - Preparation for mitosis S - DNA SYNTHESIS
48
What are the 4 stages of Mitosis
prophase metaphase anaphase telophase
49
What is Mitosis ( 5 points)
Genetically identical cells are made Diploid cells made Important for growth and repair Replaces tissues Clonal expansion of B cells
50
What happens in prophase
chromosomes condense and become visible centrioles will create spindle fibres
51
What happens in Metaphase
chromosomes line up along equator and spindle fibres are released and attach to centromere
52
What happens in anaphase
centromere divdes in 2 and chromatids are pulled to each opposite pole requires energy in the form of ATP
53
What happens in telophase
nuclear envelope starts to reform cytokinesis (cytoplasm splits into 2) and genetically identical cells are formed
54
how to calculate mitotic index
number of cells in mitosis / total number of cells x 100
55
how do prokaryotic cells replicate
circular DNA and plasmids replicate division of the cyptoplasm produces 2 daughter cells with a number of plasmids
56
why is it called the fluid mosaic model
due to the mixture and movement of the phospholipids proteins glycoproteins glycolipids
57
what do the phospholipid molecules create
a bilayer
58
what does the bilayer create
the partially permeable membrane
59
why is cholesterol good (movement)
restricts the lateral movement. it makes the membrane less fluid at high temperatures prevents ions leaking out of the cell
60
why is the centre of the bilayer hydrophobic
so the membrane does not allow water soluble substances like ions through it, it acts as a barrier
61
function of channel and carrier proteins
allow large molecules and ions to pass through the membrane e.g. glucose and amino acids
62
function of extrinsic protein
provide mechanical support makes glycoproteins and glycolipids
63
function of instrinic protein
are channel or carrier proteins involved in transport
64
explain the process of co-transport of sodium ions and glucose into the ileum
sodium ions are actively transported from the epithelial cells to the blood sodium ion concentration decreases in epithelial cell sodium ions then diffuse through the lumen down a concentration gradient into the epithelial cell via COTRANSPORTER PROTEINS also bringing glucose with it glucose diffuses out into the blood by faciliated diffusion co-transporter also carries glucose into the cell where sodium ions are so concentration of glucose increases
65
what structure is the cell surface membrane and what do they have
phospholipid bilayer glycoproteins + glycolipids
66
function of channel + carrier proteins
allows movement of polar/larger/water soluble molecules across the membrane
67
simple diffusion?
movement of small / non polar molecules from a region of high concentration to low concentration through the phospholipid bilayer
68
faciliated diffusion?
movement of large / polar molecules from a region of high conc to low through channel or carrier proteins
69
active transport?
movement of molecules from a low conc to high conc requiring ATP HYDROLYSIS which provides energy, and carrier proteins
70
co-transport?
2 substances/molecules move down and against a concentration gradient
71
what causes a change in shape of a protein (carrier)
when carrier proteins bind to a molecule e.g. glucose they change shape. this enables the molecule to be released from the other side of the membrane
72
what does hypotonic mean
when the water potential of a solution is more positive (closer to zero) than the cell so more solutes are dissolved in it cell may burst
73
what does hypertonic mean
when the water potential of a solution is more negative than the cell so cells can shrink
74
function of microvilli
increases surface area for absorption
75
what is the function of the glycoprotein in HIV
attaches to receptor allowing HIV to stick to them

Biology (25 decks)

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