Biological Molecules

Question 1

What are the properties of water?

Answer 1

High specific heat capacity
High latent heat of evaporation
Very cohesive
Lower density when solid 
God solvent

Question 2

What are the functions of water?

Answer 2

Important in reactions
Used to transport substances
Helps with premature control
Water is a habitat

Question 3

What elements are carbohydrates made of?

Answer 3

Hydrogen, carbon and oxygen

Question 4

What is the general formula of carbohydrates?

Answer 4

Cx(H20)Y

Question 5

What is a polymer?

Answer 5

Long chain molecules

Linked up by monomers in a repeating pattern

Question 6

What are the two types of glucose?

Answer 6

Alpha and Beta

Question 7

Draw an alpha glucose molecule

Answer 7

…

Question 8

Draw an beta glucose molecule

Answer 8

…

Question 9

Describe the structure of glucose

Answer 9

A monoscaccride with 6 carbon rings

Question 10

Describe the structure of ribose

Answer 10

A monoscaccride with 5 carbon rings

Question 11

Draw a verbose molecule

Answer 11

…

Question 12

What bond are monosaccharides joined by?

Answer 12

glycosidic bonds

This is a condensation reactions (releases water)

Question 13

What is a monosaccharide?

Answer 13

It is a simple sugar (CH4O)n

Question 14

What is a disaccharide?

Answer 14

Double sugar two monosaccharide

Question 15

What is a polysaccharide?

Answer 15

large molecules from many monosaccarides joined through condensation and glycosidic bonds

Question 16

Describe the structure of the statch amylose

Answer 16

Long unbrached
alpha glucose
Coiled structure
very compact therefore its good for stoage

Question 17

Describe the structure of the statch amylopectin

Answer 17

Long branched
alpha glucose
Its in rows allowing it to be broken down easily and quickly

Question 18

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 18

It is the breakdown of di/polysaccharides with addition of water molcules

Question 19

What is the structure of glycogen?

Answer 19

Main energy storage in animals
Branched
Alpha glucose
Very compact
Storage molecule

Question 20

What is the structure of cellulose?

Answer 20

Unbranched chains
Component in plant cell walls
Beta glucose
Provides structural support
Straight shains

Question 21

Compare glycogen and cellulose

Answer 21

Glycogen:

• Alpha glucose
• Branched
• Storage molecule

Cellulose:

• Beta glucose
• Unbranched
• Structural molcule

Question 22

What makes up a triglyceride?

Answer 22

One glycerol molecule

Three fatty acid molcules

Question 23

What type of bond is formed between the glycerol and fatty acids

Answer 23

Ester bonds

Question 24

Draw the chemical structure of a tryglceride

Answer 24

…

Question 25

Which part of a fatty acid is hydrophobic and hydrophilic?

Answer 25

Tail hydrophobic | Heads Hydrophilic

Question 26

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated

Answer 26

Unsaturated has at least one carbon double bond

Question 27

What makes up a phospholipid

Answer 27

One glycerol molecule Two fatty acid molecules One Phosphate group

Question 28

What are the main functions of triglycerides?

Answer 28

Energy storage in plants and animals Insoluble Heat (insulation)

Question 29

What are the main functions of phospholipids?

Answer 29

Make up a bilayer | Used in cell membranes

Question 30

What are the main functions of cholesterol?

Answer 30

It helps strengthen cell membranes

Question 31

What is a protein made of?

Answer 31

An R group, carboxlic group and amine group

Question 32

Draw the structure of an amino acid

Answer 32

...

Question 33

What is a primary structure?

Answer 33

This is the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. Held together by peptide bonds;

Question 34

What is a secondary structure?

Answer 34

Hydrogen bonds either causes amino acids to coil (alpha helix) or fold (beta sheets)

Question 35

What is a tertiary structure?

Answer 35

This is the bonds between the residual group - Hydrophoblic /hydrophilic - Hydrogen bonds - Disulphide bonds - Ionic bonds

Question 36

What is a quaternary structure?

Answer 36

Some proteins are made of several peptide chains. They form either globular proteins or fibrous proteins.

Question 37

What is a globular protein?

Answer 37

They are round and compact

Question 38

Give 3 examples of a globular protien

Answer 38

Haemoglobin Insulin Amylase

Question 39

What is a fibrous protein?

Answer 39

They are tough and rope-shaped.

Question 40

Give 3 examples of a fibrous protien

Answer 40

Keratin Elastin Collagen

Question 41

What are inorganic ions?

Answer 41

An ion is an atom that has an electrical charge | Inorganic ones do not contain carbon

Question 42

What is a cation?

Answer 42

An ion with a positive charge

Question 43

What is an anion?

Answer 43

An ion with a negative charge

Question 44

What test is used for protiens? and state the basic components of this test

Answer 44

Biuret testing 1. The test solution needs to be alkaline, add drops of sodium hydroxide 2. add copper sulphate 3. If a protein is present it turns purple

Question 45

What is the test for starch? and state the basic components of this test

Answer 45

The iodine test 1. Add iodine 2. if starch is present it turns from an browny orange to a blue/black colour

Question 46

What test is used for lipids? and state the basic components of this test

Answer 46

The emulsion test for lipids 1. shake the test subject with ethanol 2. Then add water 3. If a lipid is present it will turn milky

Question 47

What is the test used for sugars?

Answer 47

Benedicts test for sugars

Question 48

What is a reducing sugar and how would you test for it?

Answer 48

Reducing sugar include all monosaccharides and some disaccharides 1. Add benedicts solution 2. Heat in a water bath 3. If the test is positive it will form a coloured precipitate

Question 49

How would you test for non reducing sugars?

Answer 49

1. add hydrochloric acid 2. heat in water bath 3. neutralise with sodium hydrogencarbonate 4. If it changes colour is is a non reducing sugar