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A-Level Biology > Biological Molecules- enzymes and more > Flashcards

Biological Molecules- enzymes and more Flashcards

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1
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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2
Q

What does ATP contain?

A

3 phosphate groups
One molecules of ribose
Adenine

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3
Q

What hydrolyses ATP?

A

ATP hydralase

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4
Q

What is released when ATP is hydrolysed?

A

Energy

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5
Q

What type of reaction is it when ATP is hydrolysed?

A

Exergonic

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6
Q

What are the products when ATP is hydrolysed?

A

ADP and a phosphate group

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7
Q

How do you get from ADP + Pi back to ATP?

A

Condensation reaction

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8
Q

What is need to get from ADP + Pi back to ATP?

A

Energy

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9
Q

What is the reaction needed for energy?

A

Endergonic

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10
Q

What is the energy released used for?

A 
Movement/ muscle contraction
Active transport
Breakdown + synthesis of new molecules
Enzyme controlled reactions
Polymer synthesis
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11
Q

What is high surface tension?

A

The uneven distribution of force at a boundary interface caused by molecular bonding

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12
Q

What is the biological importance of water having a high surface tension?

A

Allows water to form a skin that supports small aquatic organisms to walk over it

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13
Q

What is density?

A

A measure of mass per unit volume

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14
Q

What is the biological importance of water having a lighter density when it is a solid?

A

In winter it acts as an insulator for organisms living below it in the water

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15
Q

What is a universal solvent?

A

A liquid substance that can dissolve a wide range of molecules

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16
Q

What is the biological importance of water being a universal solvent?

A

It can act as a transport medium

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17
Q

What is high specific heat capacity?

A

The amount of heat needed to raise 1 kg of water by 1 degree

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18
Q

What is the biological importance of water having a high specific heat capacity?

A

Helps maintain a constant temperature needed for cells and acts as a temperature buffer

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19
Q

What is cohesion?

A

The tendency of molecules of a substance to attract one another

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20
Q

What is the biological importance of water being cohesive?

A

Molecules are pulled upwards through the xylem’s tissue

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21
Q

What is adhesion?

A

The tendency of molecules to be attracted to other molecules of a different type

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22
Q

What is the biological importance of water being adhesive?

A

Strong force of attraction between water molecules and walls of xylem so transpiration takes place

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23
Q

Why do we need DNA replication?

A

Growth
Development/specialisation
Reproduction

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24
Q

What is conservative replication?

A

One daughter molecules contains both parental DNA

Other contains DNA strands of new synthesised DNA

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25
What is dispersive replication?
Parental DNA is interspersed between two daughter molecules
26
What is semi-conservative DNA?
Both DNA helices consist of one parental and one new strand
27
Which way does our DNA replicate by?
Semi-conservative
28
How does semi-conservative replication work?
DNA helicase breaks H bonds in helix Each exposed strand acts as a template Free nucleotide attracted to complementary bases Free nucleotides line up and reform H bonds DNA polymerase catalyses polymerisation of nucleotides to form nucleotide chain with phosphodiester bond Two new DNA molecules formed each with original strand of parental DNA
29
How do we know our DNA replicates by semi-conservative replication?
Grew cells in N15 Used a centrifuge to separate according to weight Mixed N15 and N14 Half DNA contained half heavy and half light = disproved conservative Second division disproved dispersive
30
What is RNA?
Polymer of nucleotides
31
What sugar is present in DNA?
Deoxyribose
32
What sugar is present in RNA?
Ribose
33
What is the structure of DNA?
Double helix
34
What is the structure of RNA?
Single stranded
35
What is the base pairing of DNA?
Thymine to adenine | Guanine to cytosine
36
What is the base pairing of RNA?
No base pairing but uracil replaced thymine
37
What is the length of DNA?
Larger molecule
38
What is the length of RNA?
Smaller molecule
39
Can you predict percentage of base pairs in DNA?
Yes
40
Can you predict percentage of base pairs in RNA?
No because it is single stranded
41
What is messenger RNA?
Copies of DNA, they leave the nucleus through nuclear pores in the membrane and give instructions to the ribosomes
42
What is ribosomal RNA?
Makes up part of ribosome structure
43
What is transfer RNA?
Used to carry specific amino acids during the process of protein synthesis
44
How does protein synthesis work?
DNA helicase breaks H bonds mRNA makes copy of DNA template strand mRNA leaves through nuclear pores Ribosome attaches to mRNA tRNA molecules attach to complementary anti-codon Each amino acid joins to form a polypeptide
45
What is transcription?
Steps involved in protein synthesis that happens inside of the nucleus
46
What is translation?
Steps involved in protein synthesis that happens outside of the nucleus
47
What is a polymer?
A large molecule made up of smaller repeating units called monomers
48
What makes up a nucleotide?
Deoxyribose sugar Phosphate group Organic base
49
What is the bond between a phosphate group and sugar?
Ester bond
50
What is the bond between a base and sugar?
Glycosidic bond
51
What are the bases?
Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine
52
What is the bond created when a sugar from one nucleotide is condensed to a phosphate group from another nucleotide?
Phosphodiester
53
How many H bonds are between cytosine and guanine?
3
54
How many H bonds are between adenine and thymine?
2
55
How is the sugar backbone created?
By the condensing a sugar from one nucleotide with a phosphate group from another nucleotide
56
What are the advantages of the lock and key model?
Shows the active site is complementary to the substrate | Correctly identifies the concept of the active site and substrate binding and a catalysis occurs
57
What are the disadvantages of the lock and key model?
Doesn't show the products produced | Doesn't show how some enzymes can act on a small number of similar structures
58
What does the induced fit model show?
Active sit changes shape as the substrate binds, causing a change in shape of substrate Change in shape induces a strain in the substrate bonds, which lowers the activation energy
59
What are the advantages of the induced fit model?
Explains how enzyme substrate complex lowers the activation energy Explains how the products are released Flexibility of active site explains how an enzyme can act on two similar substrates Flexibility of proteins provide a better explanation of non-competitive inhibition
60
What are the factors that effect enzymes?
pH Temperature Enzyme conc Substrate conc
61
What happens at a low temp?
Slow rate as enzymes don't have enough KE so there is less successful collisions
62
What happens at a optimum temp?
Fastest rate as enzymes have lots of KE so there is more successful collisions
63
What happens at a high temp?
Slow rate as the temp is too hot so H bonds in active site has broken so it has denatured
64
What happens at low pH?
Slow rate as there is a high amount of H+ ions so bonds break so active site denatures
65
What happens at optimum pH?
Fastest rate as creates perfect conditions for successful collisions
66
What happens at high pH?
Slow rate as bonds are broken so active site denatures
67
What happens when you change the pH?
Change the charge of amino acids that form the active site so the substrate isn't complementary
68
What does the graph of enzyme and substrate conc look like?
Increases then plateaus
69
What happens at low substrate conc?
Slow rate as less substrates to occupy active sites so less successful collisions
70
What happens at optimum substrate conc?
Fast rate as there is enough substrates for enzymes so there is more successful collisions
71
What happens at high substrate conc (Vmax)?
Plateaus as too may substrates for enzymes
72
What happens at low enzyme conc?
Slow rate as less enzymes than substrates so there is less successful collisions
73
What happens at optimum enzyme conc?
Fast rate as enough enzymes to collide with all substrates so more successful collisions
74
What happens at high enzyme conc?
Rate plateaus as too many enzymes for substrates
75
What is an ion?
An atom that carries a charge
76
What are the ions you need to know about?
``` Hydrogen Iron Sodium Phosphate Calcium Magnesium Nitrogen ```
77
What are hydrogen ions used for?
Controlling and altering pH
78
Why are hydrogen ions are important?
Because if the pH is incorrect proteins will become denatured
79
What are hydrogen ions important for?
Proteins require optimum pH Proteins denature in incorrect pH Enzymes are required for metabolic processes Channel proteins
80
What is iron a component of?
Haemoglobin
81
What is iron content mainly controlled by?
Diet
82
What is iron involved in?
Electron transport chain in respiration
83
What is sodium important for?
Sodium potassium pump- co-transport
84
What does sodium control?
Movement of glucose in/out of the cell Amino acids moving in/out of the cell Establishes nervous impulse
85
What are phosphate ions components of?
Nucleic acids (DNA + RNA) ATP Phospholipids NAD + NADP in photosynthesis
86
What is calcium important for?
Strong bones and teeth
87
What is magnesium important for?
Component of chlorophyll
88
What is nitrogen important for?
Protein synthesis in plants | Nitrogenous bases in nucleotides

A-Level Biology (21 decks)

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